Abstract:
Urbanization during the last hundred years has led to both environmental and thermal impacts on the subsurface. The urban heat island (UHI) effect is mostly described as an atmospheric phenomenon, where the measured aboveground temperatures in cities are elevated in comparison to undisturbed rural regions. However, UHIs can be found below, as well as above ground. A large amount of anthropogenic heat migrates into the urban subsurface, raises the ground temperature and permanently changes the thermal conditions in shallow aquifers, which are attractive thermal energy reservoirs. Meanwhile, geothermal energy has become increasingly popular, because it offers a number of advantages over traditional energy sources based on fossil fuels. As a renewable energy source, it is clean and safe for the surrounding environment, and it also contributes to reduction of CO2 emissions. Therefore, to estimate the regional potential geothermal energy content in densely populated urban areas is necessary. This PhD study presents extensive field studies in the city of Cologne, Germany. The results reveal high subsurface temperature distributions in the city center and indicate a warming trend of up to 5 °C. The case-specific potential heat content in urban aquifers and available capacities for space heating are quantified. The results show, for example, that by decreasing the 20 m thick urban aquifer’s temperature by 2 °C, the amount of extractable geothermal energy beneath Cologne could be used for residential heating of the whole city for at least 2.5 years. The geothermal potential in other cities such as Shanghai and Tokyo is shown to supply heating demand even for decades. In this study, different types of shallow geothermal systems that could be used to extract the geothermal energy in urban aquifers are also discussed. In order to study the effects of urbanization and groundwater flow on subsurface temperature evolution in Cologne, and to improve our understanding of the dynamics of subsurface energy fluxes in urban hear island, two and three-dimensional coupled numerical flow and heat transport models were developed. The simulation results indicate that the main thermal transport mechanisms are long-term vertical diffusive heat input, horizontal advection and transversal dispersion. Instead of groundwater recharge, the influence of horizontal flow on heat transport needs to be addressed. Vertical transverse dispersion causes additional vertical heat fluxes, and thermal anomalies have migrated into the local urban aquifer system and they reach a depth of about 120 m. The results also show that groundwater temperature-depth profiles in urban aquifers are strongly related to the relative distance and location (upstream or downstream) to the anthropogenic heat source. In this context, the influence of the regional groundwater flow on the subsurface heat transport and the necessity of long-term temperature development assessment are comprehensively discussed. Our findings will contribute to strategic and more sustainable geothermal use in urban areas.