Abstract:
Introduction: During the last few years the awareness and interest in studying adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased. Symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, but also neurophysiological differences observed in children also persist into adulthood. Further, functional and structural abnormalities in the frontostriatal circuitry are still present in adulthood, as well as a general slowing of the electrical brain activity.
The altered frequency bands and also the impaired self-regulation ability reflected in slow cortical potentials (SCP) are the target of neurofeedback therapy. Neurofeedback has been applied effectively in various areas, especially in the treatment of children with ADHD. Following SCP feedback, symptom improvements and increased amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) were observed in children. The CNV is a SCP reflecting attention and preparation and was found to be diminished in children with ADHD.
This study was designed to assess whether adults with ADHD differ from healthy controls in tests of attention, reaction time (RT), and CNV amplitude. Further it was assessed whether adults with ADHD were able to learn self-regulation with SCP feedback and whether this led to changes in symptomatology and neurophysiology. Unspecific effects were assessed and correlated with the outcome variables.
Methods: Twenty-one adults with ADHD (8 female) as well as 21 healthy matched controls underwent different measurements pre, midway (ADHD group only), and post treatment. Measurements included a 19-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) with a Go-No/Go CNV task, behavioural questionnaires assessing ADHD and comorbid symptoms, and a test of attention. A baseline comparison of neurophysiological and neuropsychological variables was calculated.
The ADHD group received 30 one-hour sessions of SCP feedback in which participants had to regulate the feedback object in the cued direction, up for an activation (negativation = negative potential shift) and down for deactivation (positivation = positive potential shift). Every fifth session the ADHD group completed a questionnaire assessing unspecific treatment effects. Changes in self-rated and third-party rated ADHD symptoms, as well as CNV amplitude, were correlated with training performance and the assessed unspecific effects.
Results: Baseline differences between the ADHD and the healthy control group were confirmed for slower RT, larger RT variability, and smaller CNV amplitude. Following SCP feedback treatment, symptoms on all ADHD and comorbid scales diminished significantly, RT decreased, and the CNV amplitude increased. However, significant correlations between the outcome variables CNV amplitude change, selfrated and third-party rated symptom reduction were not observed.
Self-regulation was achieved, however, the pattern of a main increase in positivation (and not negativation) has not been observed before. Significant correlations of training performance with symptom reduction and CNV increase were observed. Unspecific effects like patients expectancy were revealed and were significantly correlated to treatment outcome.
Discussion: Similar to children with ADHD, differences between adults with ADHD and healthy controls were confirmed. This constitutes the foundation of neurofeedback as a treatment for ADHD in adults. Not all differences were confirmed (i.e. test of attention, error rate) but this can also be due to methodological difficulties and sample size included in this pilot study.
SCP feedback led to symptom improvements over 25%, as well as decreased RT and increased CNV amplitude, both related to attentional processes. Unspecific effects were revealed through a questionnaire, but the observed behavioural changes, neurophysiological changes, and the training performance revealed specificity and effectiveness of SCP feedback in the treatment of adult ADHD.
The training data suggests that adults with ADHD are able to learn self-regulation of SCPs. However, more research is needed to confirmand explain the pattern of mainly increasing positivation. Age might be a possible mediating variable. Also methodological difficulties in data analysis might be responsible. The present study constitutes the first step towards SCP feedback being an acknowledged and recognised treatment option for adult ADHD.