Abstract:
Over the last 20 years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) became a very important diagnostic and research tool in biology and medicine. Recent progress of the MRI technique led to the development of new high field devices with magnetic field strengths often exceeding 300 MHz. Yet the majority of the contrast agents (CA) applied to improve the signal to noise ratio of the MR images are efficient only at lower magnetic fields (up to 100 MHz). Therefore, it is crucial to develop agents that are able to significantly improve the quality of the images at high magnetic fields. Additionally, in basic research using functional MRI (fMRI), smart contrast agents which can recognize changes in the surrounding in vivo environment are needed, e.g. to precisely map brain activity or mark specific cell clusters in a straightforward manner.
Recently, a novel 3,2-hydroxypyridinone-based (3,2-HOPO) system was published showing a great potential to become a high field CA due to its outstanding paramagnetic properties, dependent on high hydration number. In addition these agents have reasonable thermodynamic stability and show no interactions with endogenous anions making them a promising platform for developing responsive MRI probes. Unfortunately, the challenging synthetic procedure and the requirement of special equipment limited the application of such molecules. Here I developed a new synthetic pathway that allows synthesis of the 3,2-Hopo based molecule using techniques available in each standard chemistry laboratory. Two ion responsive 3,2-HOPO reporters with an EGTA type Ca2+-chelator attached via an amine or an amide bond were synthesized, and their performance in presence of biologically significant ions (Ca2+ and Zn2+) was examined.
In addition, I developed a 3,2-HOPO MR reporter utilizing a new type of scaffold containing an additional amine group. This new scaffold allows further modifications of the agent according to needs without demanding synthesis and opens a way towards targeted contrast agents. The relaxometric and spectrophotometric characteristics of the agent were examined. Moreover, the ligand itself can be potentially applied in chelation therapies or preparation of novel medical materials.