Abstract:
To exploit the full potential of novel anticancer drugs, detailed knowledge of their mode of action is required. Comprehensive signal transduction analysis is capable of providing this information early in drug development. By combining microarray-based protein analysis with three-dimensional tumor spheroids, a system that enables signal transduction analysis on tumor-like material was established. This tumor model allows detailed mode of action analysis and was employed for studying the mode of action of novel anticancer drug candidates.
Inhibition of the mitotic kinesin Eg5 by a novel compound lead, as expected, to mitotically arrested cells. Induction of translation was seen, as indicated by active mTOR- and MAPK-signaling pathways, as well as through the increase of Ki-67, and an increase in Rb phosphorylation. These observations imply the transition of quiescent cells to the active cell cycle. Therefore, the Eg5 inhibitor is likely to address the proliferative state of the cells: While quiescent cells (e.g. cells in the spheroid center) are transferred to the active cell cycle and into proliferation, proliferating cells (e.g. cells in the spheroid periphery) are arrested mitotically. This observation could form the basis of a novel approach for the treatment of tumor stem cells, as they could be driven to enter the active cell cycle before subsequent killing.
The characterization of two novel histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) also pointed to efficacy towards cancer stem cells. These compounds lead to reduction of SOX-2 levels, distinct induction of apoptosis, inhibition of HDAC6 and HDAC1 and loss of HSP90 function. One of the examined compounds, a hydroxamic acid, showed impact on JAK-STAT-signaling, as detected by induced STAT3 levels, which are likely to be associated with induced acetylation. High dosage of the second compound, a benzamide analogue, exhibited typical HDACi-effects whereas low dosage resulted in mitotically arrested cells. This might be due to an inhibition of HDAC1-3-dependent deacetylation of spindle proteins, causing activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. This observation reveals a novel effect of HDAC inhibition.
By applying protein microarrays in combination with tumor spheroids, detailed mode of action analyses were conducted for three novel anticancer drug candidates. Known mechanisms were confirmed and a variety of new effects, that give novel opportunities for tumor therapy, were found.