Abstract:
The presentation of a warning signal usually shortens reaction time to a subsequently presented imperative signal, even if the warning is neutral and contains no information about the type of stimuli to be processed or responses to be made. This effect is attributed to a process of temporal preparation, enabling individuals to synchronize an internal state of optimal response readiness with the moment of imperative-signal presentation.
The precise mechanism underlying variable-foreperiod temporal preparation is still under debate, however. According to a strategic-preparation model, the warning acts as symbolic marker (a time marker) that signatures the beginning of the preparatory interval (i.e., the foreperiod) and individuals are assumed to use the warning for intentional preparation. According to a trace-conditioning model of temporal preparation, the warning acts as a trigger cue that automatically initiates preparatory activity, by activating stored memories about the temporal relationship between warning and imperative signal. In order to test between both models, features of the warning signal were systematically varied in a series of behavioral experiments. The results show that the efficiency of temporal preparation processes substantially depends on specific perceptual features of the warning (i.e., such as its modality). In addition, and in order to corroborate this finding, several ancillary variables were identified as critical condition and tested in a further series of experiments. These results show that especially the temporal context (i.e., the scaling and spacing of foreperiods within a block of trials) is critical and should be considered in future studies.
In sum, the results of 19 behavioral experiments indicate that a warning signal is more than only a symbolic marker that is used by individuals to implement strategic preparation. Rather, the results must be interpreted as supporting a non-strategic view of variable-foreperiod temporal preparation. In particular, the results of this dissertation thesis points on the importance to consider mechanism of temporal associative learning to understand variable-foreperiod phenomena.