Abstract:
Alternative splicing (AS) is emerging as an important component of gene regulation in plants and has the potential to massively expand the transcriptome, while its functional implications and regulation are not fully understood. The heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein family member polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is known to be involved in the regulation of a concerted AS program in differentiating neurons in mammals, however, PTBs in plants were poorly investigated and many questions regarding their regulatory functions in AS remain to be elucidated. Three PTB genes are encoded in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, of which two are closely related and one has a comparable homology to human PTB as it has to the two other Arabidopsis PTBs. This work demonstrates that PTBs from Arabidopsis have a gene regulatory potential affecting splicing of their pre-mRNAs in auto- and cross-regulatory circuits as well as having a transcriptome-wide impact on splice site selection. Deep RNA sequencing of AtPTB misexpression lines resulted in the identification of 452 AtPTB-regulated AS events. Interestingly, only AtPTB1 and AtPTB2, representing the two close homologues, were shown to regulate global splicing patterns, whereas AtPTB3 seems not play an important role in this process. In addition, AtPTB-mediated AS is linked to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) as many target transcripts have NMD eliciting features and the interlocked feedback loops of AtPTB expression includes AS-coupled NMD. Importantly, we established that AtPTB-dependent AS events are coupled to diverse biological processes and upon AtPTB misexpression, changes in phytochrome interacting factor 6 splice patterns coincided with altered rates of abscisic acid-dependent seed germination. Furthermore, we found changes in AS patterns and expression levels of key flowering regulators in an AtPTB1/2 level-dependent manner. In addition to their role in splicing regulation, PTBs are multifunctional proteins involved in various processes of mRNA metabolism and we were able to establish a splicing-independent function of AtPTBs, coinciding with the subcellular localization of AtPTB fluorescent fusion proteins in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and processing bodies. In conclusion, this work shows that AtPTBs regulate their own expression by a negative feedback inhibition and have a global role in AS regulation in Arabidopsis.