Abstract:
This research study aimed to analyze the effects of the spatial changes, particularly inherent to the LULC changes in a tropical River Basin, and its possible impact in the water resources - response. The Boconó River Basin, located in the North Venezuelan Andean Region was selected as study area, being a very representative Andean catchment in which the biophysical and the socio-cultural systems are strongly interacting to generate a quite complex dynamic reflected in the form and intensity of the natural resources use.
At first, the study area was delineated from the SRTM data set (90 m spatial resolution), in order to build the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and also to prepare basic thematic maps. Secondly, a set of LANDSAT TM imagery for 1988, 1997 and 2008 were compiled and classified through a semi – supervised approach, following a multi – level clustering for a multi – class segmentation of the scenes, using the “hyperclustering method”. After that, a multi-temporal analysis for the LULC changes was done, and the resulting cross-tabulation matrixes were used to determine important parameters like: net change, swapping, gross gain and gross losses. A more detailed analysis lead to estimate the most systematic “inter-category” transitions occurred in the landscape, which identify the specific trajectories that the LULC categories have been experienced in the River Basin. The “inter-category” transitions were a basic input into the Land Change modeller for ecologically sustainability, in order to project the changes 20 years in the future, generating a potential LULC map for 2028 to be used in the modelling process.
Thirdly, an approach concerning to the development of a simulation process using the process-oriented model J2000g was driven. Such model required a pre-processing for the climatic data, as well as the compilation and processing of information concerning to the basic parameters required to model the hydrological balance. For a process-oriented estimation of the meso-scale soil water distribution in the catchment the concept of HRUs was applied, being delineated from a perspective of the “hydrological landscapes” approach. Due to the limitations derived from the hydro climatic input data, three models were designed, with different methods to estimate the Evapotranspiration. The models were calibrated and validated using the “split-sample” method, and the basic indicators for efficiencies were evaluated. Finally, nine scenarios were considered in order to simulate and to evaluate the hydrological response in both, the recent past, and the possible impact of the LULC changes and the climatic variability projected in the future.
A total of 12 LULC categories were identified and delineated in a landscape system where the persistence was found to be the predominant state. However, a very important dynamic was detected, in which the forested land covers showed a decreasing trend, while the human-induced types of land cover (cropland, grass anthropogenic and urban areas), have been increasing progressively. The LULC categories: Successional Srhubland (S-Shr), Sub-montane Forest (Sm-F), Open-cleared Forest (Oc-F) and Cropland (Cro-L) were the most dynamic among the two considered periods, accounting for the highest total change value, as well as gains, losses, swapping and net change.
The results derived from the cross-tabulation matrix, revealed that the Tropical Montane Cloudy Forest (TMCF), experimented a reduction of 12,8% (3530,43 ha) in the last 20 years. But the changes and the reduction showed by the TMCF cannot be directly associated to the expansion of land use categories like Cropland or Grass Anthropogenic. At least on the last 20 years, the TMCF have been systematically changing to an intermediate condition for LC, basically to Open-cleared Forest (Oc-F) and Sucessional Srhubland (S-Shr). The systematic transition experimented by the category Fluvial Plain (Fl-P) suggest an intense dynamic of the river, and the occurrence of high peak flows and important flooding events during the period, which have been affecting the urban expanding area, as well as croplands.
The results from the model J2000g showed that the hydrological response could be reasonable modeled, despite of the relatively scarce raw data basis referred to the hydrometerological variables. According to the historical data and also to the hydrographs the study revealed a high variability in the streamflows occurred in the last 20 years, derived from the variability of the meso-scale climatic processes, and the alternate sequence of ENSO and A-ENSO events. It is evident that the Boconó River is very sensitive to the variability imposed by the climatic processes.
The simulation for the different scenarios revealed that the future variability for the streamflows and the water yield in the area is mostly explained by the climatic conditions and patterns, as by the LULC alone. Thus, the possible intensification and more frequently recurrence of the anomalies ENSO and A-ENSO could be responsible for the intensification and seasonal variability of the streamflows. The scenarios accounting for LULC changes showed clearly low impact of the LULC changes in the hydrological regimes. Those changes only could impact the water balance through the variation in the Evapotranspiration rates.
The results broadly suggest that the Boconó River is highly sensitive to the positive changes in the climatic variables precipitation and temperature. Thus, a relatively small positive change in the precipitation patterns could generate an important change in the hydrological response, as seen on the simulation for these scenarios.
Hopefully, the results showed in this PhD Thesis Book can be a useful basis to promote more effective area-oriented policies within the watershed & river basin management in this important Region.