Abstract:
During cell division, each daughter cell receives only one of two identical copies of each parental chromosome. Proper chromosomal segregation in mitosis is dependent on sister chromatid cohesion. Identical copies of parental chromosome, termed sister chromatids, are tightly associated with each other, i.e. cohesed, from DNA replication until sister chromatid segregation to the daughter nuclei during the cell division. Sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by a protein complex, called cohesin. Cohesin consists of three core subunits, Smc1, Smc3, and Scc1, which form a ring-shaped structure capable of trapping two DNA molecules inside. The ring can embrace either one or two DNA molecules and acetylation of cohesin by the acetyltransferase, Eco1, ensures that both sister chromatids are captured inside the ring. The function of three additional factors, namely Pds5, Scc3, and Wpl1, which associate with the cohesin subunit Scc1, is less clear. The essential proteins Pds5 and Scc3 were proposed to be cohesin maintenance factors, that might lock cohesin rings on the DNA and prevent them from opening during G2 and early stages of mitosis or meiosis. Pds5 and Scc3 recruit a nonessential protein, called Wpl1, and all three factors are characterized by the cohesion “anti-establishment” activity, which is neutralized through the cohesin acetylation by Eco1. We investigated Pds5, Scc3, and Wpl1 function in cohesion establishment and/or maintenance employing new experimental approaches. Pds5 and Scc3, which are essential for viability in budding yeast, were destabilized in vivo via a newly characterized degron sequence derived from the Eco1 protein, as well as the previously described DHFR-based degron. The consequences of protein depletion were carefully analyzed. Contrary to the prevailing hypothesis, we discovered that Pds5 and Scc3 are not required for locking cohesin complexes on DNA, or for cohesin association with specific chromosomal loci. However, both proteins are important for sister chromatid cohesion. Based on our results, we propose, that Pds5 and Scc3 function in cohesion establishment. Both proteins facilitate entrapment of both sister chromatids inside the cohesin ring, potentionally by promoting acetylation of the Smc3 head domain by Eco1. We show that the Eco1-derived degron is more selective in inducing protein degradation than the previously described degron and thus might provide a useful tool to study the function of essential proteins.