Abstract:
Teaching is a complex and ill-defined task that requires teachers to be knowledgeable in several domains, namely, content, pedagogy, and their specific connections. Moreover, today’s teachers must be acquainted with a number of technologies that can effectively support students’ learning in their subjects. A conceptual framework that tries to account for this perspective on technology while considering the mentioned sub-domains of teachers’ professional knowledge is the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge framework (TPCK, Koehler & Mishra, 2008; Mishra & Koehler, 2006). However, above and beyond characterizing the content of the proposed knowledge sub-domains, researchers invested in the TPCK approach have neglected to provide a theoretical basis for more concrete and confutable assumptions (Graham, 2011; Voogt et al., 2012) and add a process-oriented perspective to the current structure oriented-perspective.
The present dissertation addresses these issues in two parts. First, it proposes theoretical specifications of the TPCK framework in order to derive assumptions about the proposed knowledge representations of the sub-domains. More concretely, I claim that at a first level of cognitive integration teachers need to construct mental models that represent the technology’s functions in the light of the complexity of the task of teaching and the teacher’s prior professional knowledge. Furthermore, I propose a second level of cognitive integration that defines TPCK as a teacher’s meta-conceptual awareness of the demands of the teaching task, the teachers’ own professional knowledge in the other sub-domains, and the contextual constraints. Overall, TPCK as a scientific normative framework has to assume a coherent structure of basic underlying assumptions (cf. framework theories, Vosniadou, 1994) that constrain the construction of mental models in concrete situations. In sum, these considerations offer a more concrete specification of the notion of TPCK as a unique body of knowledge (cf. the transformative view of Angeli & Valanides, 2009).
In a second part, three studies are presented that investigate the assumption that mental models of technology functions impact on pre-service teachers’ lesson planning for utilizing sample video technology. They further investigate how prior Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) influences these relationships. In all studies, pre-service teachers’ PK and Technological Knowledge (TK), as well as their pedagogical beliefs were assessed as potential presuppositions for participants’ mental models of learning-relevant functions. Results of the first study shows that prior PK might be a pre-requisite for the pedagogical understanding of a known video technology (YouTube), however, it is not sufficient as mental model indicators function in part as a mediating variable. In the second study that introduces a new technology to participants (WebDIVER), no mediating effect could be shown. However, mental models remain a more specific predictor for participants’ lesson planning than PK. Overall, qualitative analyses show that participants tend to not design lesson plans specific to the technology at hand. Therefore, a third experimental study was conducted to complement these findings. Results of this study show that specific indicators of mental models and lesson plans (role of student, role of teacher, transfer task performance) could only be fostered my modeling explicitly the cognitive integration of pedagogical and technological information (second experimental group); compared to a control group (only providing technological information on WebDIVER) and another experimental group (providing pedagogical information on video-tools and technological information on WebDIVER separately).
In sum, the results of this dissertation contribute to our understanding of the development of (pre-service) teachers’ technology-related competences and simultaneously provide a basis for further hypotheses driven and experimental research.