Abstract:
The deep sea sediment record of the Eastern Mediterranean is characterised by the periodic deposition of organic-rich layers (sapropels), coinciding with freshwater flooding episodes, which reflect insolation-controlled changes in monsoonal precipitation over Africa. The sapropels are thought to correspond to several thousand years of deposition, resulting in a thickness of a few decimetres. A remarkable exception occurred during the deposition of the last interglacial sapropel S5 in parts of the Levantine Basin. Here, the S5 sapropel reaches a thickness of almost one meter, allowing the study of environmental processes during the peak warmth of the last interglacial with decadal resolution. This work aims to take advantage of this unique paleoenvironmental archive and investigates the oceanographic conditions as well as the land-sea interactions in the Levant during the last interglacial, including an assessment of the effect of solar forcing on the depositional system and the plankton community and to provide an explanation for the unusual thickness of the studied sapropel. To this end, the expanded S5 horizon has been studied in three cores from the northern Levantin Basin in the Eastern Mediterranean. The S5 sapropel in these cores features a fine, sub-mm thin lamination, seeming to reflect the annual blooming of mat-forming diatoms. Beside the lamination, a pattern of cm-scale layering can be correlated throughout the three sediment cores. This allows the subdivision of the sapropel into eleven zones, also mirroring in the record of elemental abundances. Data on sediment properties, as well as an event-stratigraphic age model indicate a major shift in the depositional regime, with mass occurrence of diatoms, firstly seen ~9 cm above the onset of the sapropel. A floating age model, based on laminae counts, results in an estimated duration of ~2.9 thousand years (ka) for the diatomitic upper interval and, by inference from the event-based regional correlation, ~1.9 ka for the basal, non-diatomitic interval. The total age of about ~4.8 ka corresponds with radiometrically dated speleothem records of a regional wet phase. The onset of the mass occurrence of diatoms coincides with a distinct change in the hydrographic conditions, indicating that it represents a primary signal of enhanced diatom production. Here, a shoaling of the nutricline might favour the diatom proliferation, due to the enhanced availability of nutrients. The thickness of the sapropel made it possible to determine that both the onset of the sapropel and the subsequent re-oxygenation at the termination of the sapropel occurred within a few decades. Finally, wavelet analysis of multiple proxies unveils a cyclic component with a duration of ~80 years, which coincides in its length with the Gleissberg solar cycle, but is also within the range of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Likewise, also a 180 – 240 year periodicity was revealed, which is persistent throughout the sapropel, but difficult to attribute to any known climatic process. The results confirm the great potential of the expanded sapropel as a high-resolution window into the thermal optimum of the last interglacial in the Levantine region.