Abstract:
The effects of chemicals on chironomids as key organisms in aquatic-benthic systems were investigated in three subprojects. The main focus was on the evaluation of non standard endpoints and bioindicators, as well as on ecologically relevant predator-prey systems under pollutant stress.
Since data documentation on neonicotinic toxicity to nontarget organisms should be enhanced, the effects of thiacloprid, a novel neonicotinoid insecticide, on the sediment-dwelling non target insect Chironomus riparius was investigated. Further we wanted to validate the sensitivity of end points on different biological levels and obtain the greatest amount of information regarding the effects of this compound by using a battery of several end points such as larval mortality, behavior, body weight gain, emergence rate, time of development, gender ratio, the Hsp70 stress protein level and larval mouth part deformities after exposure at a concentration range of 0.1 to 1000 µg/L thiacloprid. C. riparius was impacted starting at concentrations of 0.5 µg/L, a concentration which can be considered as environmentally relevant. Larval mortality, behavior, emergence, and Hsp70 protein level were sensitive indicators for the toxic effect of thiacloprid, whereas gender ratio and mouthpart morphology were not affected. In our case life cycle endpoints like the survival rate (LC50: 1.57 µg/L) or emergence rate (EC50: 0.54 µg/L) proved to be more sensitive than tested physiological endpoints for the neurotoxic insecticide.
The significance of chironomids mouth part deformities as suitable indicators for pollutant contamination of natural waters and sediments has been investigated and discussed for several decades. Uncertainties still exist as further laboratory studies, with different pollutants and with the same experimental design are required. In this study, the effects of four substances (i.e. nickelchloride, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid) were tested on the mouth part deformity rates and patterns in Chironomus riparius. These compounds were investigated either individually or in mixtures. No significant increase in the frequency of mouth part deformities was found using different single substance treatments when compared to the controls. Consequently no concentration-effect relationships between substance concentration and deformity frequency were detected. In mixture experiments an increase in mouth part deformities of C. riparius exposed to imidacloprid-thiacloprid mixtures was detected. This indicated that the effects of single substances and mixtures on mouth part deformity frequency may differ considerably. The findings in this study from different laboratory approaches in combination with the published literature questions the reliability of chironomids mouth part deformities as indicators of freshwater and sediment contamination by toxic substances.
The effects of chemicals on biotic interactions, such as competition and predation, have rarely been investigated in aquatic ecotoxicology. This study presents a new approach for the investigation of predator-prey interactions between zebrafish (Danio rerio) and midge larvae (Chironomus riparius) impaired by chlorpyrifos (CHP), a neurotoxic insecticide. With a simple experimental design including four different treatments: (1) control, (2) predator exposed, (3) prey exposed and (4) both, predator and prey, exposed, we were able to detect by visual observation an increase in the feeding rate of zebrafish preying on exposed chironomids after acute (2 h) exposure to 6 µg/L CHP. Previously, a decrease in the burrowing behaviour of exposed chironomid larvae was observed. However, when pre-exposing simultaneously both predators and prey, no significant differences in the feeding rate of zebrafish were observed. This suggests an impairment in prey recognition of the exposed zebrafish. At a lower CHP concentration (1 µg/L), no differences in feeding rate of zebrafish were observed. We therefore propose the use of trophic interactions as parameters in higher tier studies for chemical testing and evaluation of ecotoxicological risk assessment.