Abstract:
Vertical ground source heat pump systems have been established as the preferred geothermal technology for providing space heating and cooling to both small and large buildings. This technology utilizes shallow geothermal energy by extracting or injecting heat through a borehole heat exchanger (BHE). In large-scale applications, heat transfer is accomplished by using a field of multiple BHEs. Standard design practices for large-scale applications are based on equal operation of the BHEs. Moreover, groundwater often influences the thermal transport in the ground, but it is rarely considered. In the presented work, the potential of individual adjustment of BHEs for different hydro-geothermal conditions is investigated. Special attention is given to the subsurface temperature changes exerted by the operation of the BHEs. The main question is whether the concerted energy extraction of multiple BHEs can be improved, and how. For tackling this question, two simulation-optimization procedures are developed. The first procedure uses superimposed analytical models to simulate ground temperature impacts from operating multiple adjacent BHEs. The predictions of the models are used to evaluate an objective function to optimize individual BHE operation in the field. This is solved within a linear programming framework. Two real-case oriented application cases for heating energy supply are considered. In the first application case, the presence of groundwater flow is neglected, while for the second case, various groundwater flow regimes are considered. Temperature distributions from optimized and non-optimized BHEs, for given operation times, are then compared by comprehensive numerical models. In general, optimized BHEs can reduce the thermal impact, and extreme local cooling can be avoided. In the purely conductive case, the maximum ground temperature change is decreased by 18% compared to the non-optimized field. For the advection-dominated cases, even when flowing groundwater balances local anomalies, the temperature changes in the optimized field are always smaller. Also, the temperature of the circulating heat carrier fluid within the optimized BHEs can be increased by 1°C, which is favourable for improving the heat pump performance. In addition, the optimal adjustment of the boreholes produces characteristic load patterns that depend on time and groundwater flow velocity. The second simulation-optimization approach couples heat transport numerical simulation of geothermal systems with heuristic optimization algorithms. The performance of three evolutionary algorithms (each with 2 variants) is tested for maximizing the total energy extraction of BHE fields installed in a heterogeneous aquifer. In addition, an optimal positioning scheme of the BHEs within a predefined area is inquired. Among the evaluated algorithms, Differential Evolution (with line search, LS-DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) perform best. For the given maximum temperature change in the subsurface (2.5 K) optimized solutions can reach substantial energy extraction rates. In comparison, BHE application according to standard planning practice can only reach 33% of the energy extraction of the optimized field.