Abstract:
The human intestinal barrier is constantly challenged by ingested pathogens and a complex commensal flora. To fend off and control the large amount of microbes, the epithelial lining critically depends on innate antimicrobial peptides. Before the major importance of these innate defense molecules became evident, scientists who were investigating Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) supported an autoimmune pathogenesis concept for the severe reoccurring inflammations in the intestinal tract. More than 10 years ago, when it became evident that gut bacteria form the major target for activated immune cells which underlie the inflammatory symptoms in IBD, the research focus started to shift towards investigations on primary barrier defects. For Crohn’s disease (CD), a major form of IBD, different location specific impairments in the epithelial production of antimicrobials have been identified. These not only explain the stability of disease location, but also accommodate an inherited and an environmental component in the disease. In small intestinal CD, such impairments are found in the transcriptional expression and in the storage/secretion of Paneth cell (PC) derived human defensin (HD)-5 and -6. Very recently, the transcription factor TCF7L2 was introduced in the context of their decreased mRNA levels in patients. TCF7L2 is not only a major player in beta- catenin dependent Wnt signaling and consequently intestinal epithelial proliferation and Paneth cell maturation, but also directly regulates the transcriptional expression of HD5 and -6.
The main goal of my studies was to further elucidate the primary role of antimicrobial peptides in CD and especially the influence of defective Paneth cell function. This was in large parts done by investigations on underlying genetic mechanisms which affect the Wnt pathway. In 3 DNA sets with together more than 3000 samples, it was possible to elucidate an association of the TCF7L2 putative promotor SNP rs3814570 with ileal CD. In a subsequent approach the Wnt co- receptor LRP6 could also be identified as a new candidate in ileal CD. The hypothesis and literature based candidate gene approach on LRP6 revealed an association of a coding rare variant, which has a negative effect on the co- receptors function, with early onset and penetrating ileal CD. Since the variant seems to precede further diminished HD5 levels in patients, it might explain reduced antibacterial killing in some affected individuals. More importantly, like the association of TCF7L2, it supports the role of primary Paneth cell defects as a major mechanism in the disease. Besides being affected on the genetic level in certain disease subgroups, LRP6 also shows diminished mRNA expression in small intestinal CD in general. This might be an additional and more general mechanism preceding reduced Paneth cell antimicrobial function, but further research is needed to shed light on the exact circumstances. In a parallel approach regarding the role of antimicrobials in active CD and the effect of standard medication on their expression, it was furthermore possible to confirm a lack of coherency between inflammation severity and diminished Paneth cell alpha- defensins and therefore the primary character of the decrease.
The herein reported results not only help to understand disease underlying mechanisms as they support the concept of defective beta- catenin dependent Wnt in ileal CD, but also underline the importance of reduced antimicrobial function in patients.
Additional investigations will be needed to first elucidate a potential role of defective cell differentiation and secondly to identify new targets for therapeutic approaches in the disease. Such new therapeutics would have to strengthen the innate intestinal barrier and therefore, different from current medications, function as a causative treatment.