Abstract:
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are among the main causes of nosocomial infections. Treatment of hospital-acquired infections became a challenge since the number of staphylococcus strains with multiple antibiotic resistances increased steadily over the last decades. This emphasized the need for a new class of antibiotics that act on new targets. The major autolysins AtlE and AtlA of S. epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively, represent such targets. Both enzymes are crucial for cell viability. They take over key roles in cell division where they are responsible for the separation of daughter cells.
The high-resolution structure of AmiE revealed for the first time detailed insights into the enzymatic function of a staphylococcal murein hydrolase and thereby provided the basis for the formulation of a likely mechanism of catalysis. PGN, the substrate of AmiE, is a large, polymeric macromolecule and as such not well suited for crystallization or affinity measurements. Although smaller fragments can be isolated from staphylococcal cell walls, their length and composition is highly dependent on the specific cleavage sites of the different murein hydrolases being used in this process. Furthermore, such purifications may not be completely monodispers. With the synthesis of PGN fluorescent substrates, however, a method was established that offered the possibility to produce substrates of defined length and high purity. Easy modifiability of the synthetic substrates also allowed probing the influence of amino acid substitutions on substrate recognition. In this thesis, a library of synthetic PGN substrates was constructed. The availability of a large range of substrates differing in length and composition of the peptide stem made it possible to define key motifs of PGN. It could be demonstrated that the presence of a third amino acid in the peptide stem as well as the isoform of glutamine in the second position are essential for recognition by AmiE. The carbohydrate moiety and the side chain of the third amino acid play only minor roles. These findings could be confirmed in a docking model. Structural comparisons with other proteins sharing the amidase-fold revealed common features in the substrate grooves, which points to an evolutionary conserved mechanism of PGN recognition.
Contrary to previous assumptions according to which the CBR (cell wall binding region) of the AtlE amidase contained only two repeat domains, the crystal structure of R3,4 suggests the presence of four domains that belong to the family of SH3b domains. The sequence and structural similarity between every second repeat in the CBR is higher than between adjacent ones, which are connected via an extensive network of hydrogen bonds. A distinct patch of conserved residues could be located on opposite sides of each repeat in the R3,4 molecule. Both patches cover recessed areas with a strong electropositive potential, which might serve as binding pockets for negatively charged ligands such as teichoic acids.
However, WTAs are not interaction partners of the repeat domains. It could be demonstrated that targeting of the AtlE amidase to the septum region is driven by an avoidance strategy towards WTAs, which are absent in this region. In the WTA-deficient S. aureus deltatagO mutant, binding of autolysins could be observed on the entire cell surface. The spatial distribution of LTAs on staphylococcal cell walls is not known so far. However, based on the position of the LTA synthase LtaS, Schirner et al. proposed a septum localization of LTAs for Bacillus subtilis, a finding that could also apply to Staphylococci. The putative septum localization, the charge complementarities between repeats and LTAs and the fact that binding of LTA was demonstrated for the InlB CBR, a structural homologue of the autolysin CBR, are pieces of evidence indicating that LTAs might serve as anchoring points for the major autolysins in the septum. Nevertheless, it has to be clarified if such an interaction would be specific and how autolysins are able to distinguish between molecules that are chemically and structurally as similar as WTAs and LTAs.