Abstract:
Imidacloprid is one of the most frequently used insecticides in agriculture worldwide and is known to cause negative effects also on non-target and important organisms, including earthworms. In the present study, specimens of three different earthworm species (Eisenia fetida, Aporrectodea caliginosa und Lumbricus terrestris) were exposed in the laboratory to various concentrations of imidacloprid (0.2, 0.66, 2 and 4 mg kg -1 dry soil). Sub-lethal effects were assessed by way of bio-tests, on different levels of biological organisation (biochemical, histological and organismic). Negative effects on the tested species were observed already after imidacloprid exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations. Amongst others, some effects were detected which might have a negative impact on soils (e.g. reduced burrowing activity). Therefore the extensive use of imidacloprid in agriculture might be of environmental concern. The cast production test – which has been developed for two earthworm species within the framework of this dissertation – proved to be a quick, sensitive and cost-effective tool to indirectly measure earthworm activity, and was thus an endpoint of high ecological relevance. Regarding the overall results, body mass change and histopathology proved to be the most sensitive and reliable biomarkers in the present work. However, biomarker sensitivities were strongly dependent on the tested earthworm species. Unlike in former studies, Eisenia fetida proved to be highly sensitive in most of the experiments of the present work. All in all, the results gained in this dissertation underline that there is no test organism or bio-test per se, that can be said to react most sensitively. Therefore a range of test species - being representatives of an animal taxon – as well as a set of different bio-tests should be included in ecotoxicological studies in order to draw more precise conclusions in risk assessment.