Abstract:
The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) containing RLKs family constitutes the largest group of RLK in Arabidopsis with 216 genes. A significant number of these kinases is predicted to serve as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) perception, since transcript levels of multiple LRR-RK-encoding genes increased upon pathogen infection or PAMP treatment. Gene expression profiling analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants infected with various Pseudomonas syringae strains revealed that AtPSKR1 (phytosulfokine receptor 1) among others, showed increased transcript accumulation. PSK, an endogenous sulfated pentapeptide secreted in plants, affects cellular potential for growth via specific binding to the LRR AtPSKR1 (At2g02220, in Arabidopsis). In this work, the potential role of PSKR1 in regulation of basal plant defence in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Here it was shown that PSK signalling through its receptor is involved in defence responses against the necrotroph Alternaria brassicicola and the virulent bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 with opposite regulatory roles, which could be initially explained by a potential participation of the PSK signalling in Salicylic acid-Jasmonic acid crosstalk during pathogen attack in Arabidopsis. Therefore, a tight regulation of the PSK signalling through AtPSKR1 appears to be essential for Arabidopsis depending on the attacking pathogen. Here it is also proposed that other PSK-signalling components are also involved in plant defence regulation, like PSKR2 and PSY1R (closest homologs of PSKR1), which appear to act redundantly with PSKR1 towards A. brassicicola and Pto DC3000 infection. Another component of the PSK signalling, the PSK2 precursor, that seems to be required for PSK production during A. brassicicola infection, might also be involved in plant defence. Although originally proposed to be upregulated by wounding, the PSK4 precursor cannot be yet excluded from the defence signalling pathway. Nevertheless, there are still unidentified elements of the PSK-signalling like the specific subtilase that cleaves PSK from PSK2 upon fungal or bacterial attack, or the tyrosine sulfotransferase that catalyses the sulfation of PSK peptide during developmental and/or defence processes. Because of the presence of multiple components with different roles in PSK signalling, and because of its apparent complex regulation, it seems likely that PSK signalling might have dual roles in plant development and defence.