Abstract:
Streptomycetes possess biosynthetic gene clusters that allow them to produce a multiplicity of secondary metabolites. These include pharmaceutically relevant compounds like prenylated phenazines as well as aminocoumarin- and glycopeptide antibiotics. For specific alterations in the structure of these substances an exact knowledge of the steps of their biosynthesis is of central importance. In this work, enzymes of the biosynthesis of different compounds were biochemically characterized. This allows structural modifications and creation of new derivatives in the future plus an enhancement of the production yield.
The first part of this work describes the identification and characterization of the prenyltransferase PpzP from Streptomyces anulatus which transfers a prenyl moiety to a phenazine. PpzP is encoded in a cluster with genes for the biosynthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and the prenyl donor dimethylallyldiphosphate (DMAPP). Cloning and expression of the gene and purification of PpzP resulted in a 37 kDa soluble protein. Activity assays and mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the formation of a C-C bond between the C-1 atom of the isoprenoid substrate and the C-9 atom of the aromatic compound. In contrast to many other prenyltransferases the reaction of PpzP is independent of magnesium or other divalent cations. The Km values for the substrates were determined as 116 µM for DMAPP and 35 µM for PCA with a turnover number kcat of 0,435 s-1. The sequence of PpzP shows clear homology to the family of aromatic ABBA prenyltransferases. Therefore PpzP broadens the spectrum of accepted substrates of this family, previously limited to phenolic compounds, to phenazine derivatives.
In the second part the adenylate-forming enzymes of the aminocoumarin biosynthetic gene cluster of rubradirin were identified and characterized. These enzymes catalyze the activation of L-tyrosine as a precursor of the aminocoumarin moiety, as well as the formation of an amide bond between an acyl moiety and this aminocoumarin ring. Interestingly, the cluster of rubradirin contains three genes coding for putative enzymes that may catalyze this reaction. Therefore, all three genes were cloned and expressed and the proteins purified for biochemical studies. The 55 kDa Orf4 was shown to be an active amide synthetase in vitro. However, the 56 kDa RubF6 was inactive despite its 88 % sequence identity to Orf4, but site directed mutagenesis of the ATP-binding loop converted it into an active enzyme. The third 138 kDa protein, RubC1, was shown to be a unique bifunctional enzyme. It is comprised of an amide synthetase domain as well as a domain for L-tyrosine adenylation with subsequent binding on a peptidyl carrier domain. This natural hybrid enzyme is singular among known proteins and presents a particularly effective machinery for aminocoumarin antibiotic biosynthesis.
The third part is concerned with MbtH-like proteins. Their effect on enzymes that catalyze the adenylation of amino acids was characterized biochemically. The MbtH-like proteins, comprised of approximately 70 amino acids, are encoded in gene clusters of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Their function in the biosynthesis was unknown at the beginning of this study but has recently been elucidated, with this study contributing to it. Investigation of the role of MbtH-like proteins in the biosynthesis of the aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin, clorobiocin and simocyclinone D8 as well as the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin proved that they influence the activity of tyrosine-adenylating enzymes. It could be shown that the tyrosine-activating enzymes CloH, SimH and Pcza361.18, involved in the biosynthesis of clorobiocin, simocyclinone D8 and vancomycin, respectively, require the presence of MbtH-like proteins in a molar ratio of 1:1. They form a heterotetramer consisting of two adenylating enzymes and two MbtH-like proteins. In contrast, NovH from novobiocin biosynthesis showed activity even in the absence of MbtH-like proteins, but could be stimulated by them. NovH and CloH share 83 % identity in their amino acid sequence, yet show a striking difference in their requirement for MbtH-like proteins. To further this phenomenon, 3D structure models were created and compared. This showed that one amino acid differs in the otherwise complete conserved active center. A site-directed mutagenesis of this amino acid in CloH (L383M) indeed resulted in an MbtH-independent mutant. All investigated tyrosine-adenylating enzymes exhibited remarkable promiscuity for MbtH-like proteins from different pathways and organisms. Additionally, the MbtH-like protein YbdZ from E. coli was found to co-purify with the heterologously expressed tyrosine-adenylating enzymes, leading to incorrect biochemical results. Therefore, a knock-out strain was created in which the corresponding gene was deleted. This was of central importance for a reliable biochemical characterization of the tyrosine-adenylating enzymes.