Abstract:
The main purpose of the present doctoral thesis was to propose a systematic and integrated approach to accelerate the development of topical products. It was intended to establish an integrative characterization program with fewest logical steps based on scientific foundation to minimize development costs and time. Three topical corticosteroids (triamcinolone acetonide, clobetasol propionate and prednicarbate) were employed as model drugs. Drug solubility with cosolvents, stability in solution, pH-stability investigation, profiling of degradation products and drug compatibility with semisolid vehicles were performed employing approximately 1 mg of compound per test condition. The established alternative compatibility test could give within 1 week predictive estimates of formal stability studies. Eight semisolid base formulations with different physicochemical properties comprising the group of hydrogels, o/w creams, w/o creams and anhydrous ointments were selected as candidate vehicles and characterized with regard their rheological properties, pH and physical stability. An in vitro release test using Franz diffusion cells and synthetic membrane was developed and validated. The method demonstrated to be useful for quality control and for regulatory purpose detecting changes in products after postapproval modifications. Moreover, the method was used to investigate drug transport properties in several semisolid vehicles. Drug bioavailability was evaluated in vitro with excised human skin mounted with diffusion cells and sampled with the tape-stripping technique. Release data did not correlate with skin absorption data when formulations of different physicochemical properties were compared, demonstrating that the extrapolation of release data to skin absorption results is still complex to be obtained. The effect of five chemicals on enhancement of skin permeation and retention was examined and the results suggested that the enhancement effect is drug specific and the selection of the suitable enhancer should be according to the therapeutic target. In conclusion, employing a minimal amount of compound (<20 mg), test formulation (<30 g) and combining eight test procedures (scaled-down solubility, scaled-down stability in solution, predictive compatibility test, pH determination, flow and oscillatory measurements, centrifugation test, in vitro release test and skin experiments with tape-stripping technique) an effective development program could be established minimizing trial-and-error attempts by providing scientific foundation in the approaches currently used in pharmaceutical development of topical products.