Abstract:
Lipophilic extracts from the gum resin of Boswellia spec. (BEs) have been traditionally used for the treatment of several inflammatory and cancer-related diseases. The extracts contain large amount of triterpenes, among them the prominent group of boswellic acids (BAs), as well as roburic acids (RAs) and lupanic acids (LAs). In search of the molecular mechanism of BEs, several targets of BAs were identified, which were mainly influenced by 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA). However, rather high concentrations were needed for efficient inhibition of these targets, while AKBA has a rather poor bioavailability. Therefore, it seems likely that additional targets or other ingredients participate in the beneficial outcome observed in several diseases treated with BEs.
One aim of the present study was the identification of novel molecular targets of BAs. Several new targets were identified, among them LL-37, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), cathepsin G (catG), p21 Ras and Rap1B. A direct binding of BAs to LL-37 resulted in an inhibition of the biological activity of LL-37. This effect was most prominent for 3-O-acetyl-beta-boswellic acid (ABA, EC50 = 0.2 µM) and AKBA (EC50 = 0.8 µM). A 3-acetoxy or 3-hydroxy group was necessary for potent interference, while the 11-keto group was less important. Besides BAs, RAs and LAs were identified as LL-37-inhibiting compounds from frankincense. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal 10 µM), BAs stimulated LL-37-release from cytochalasin B/fMLP-stimulated neutrophils. Since inhibition of LL-37 activity occurs at much lower BA concentrations, the inhibitory effect seemingly dominates. BAs, RAs and LAs might play a role for the treatment of LL-37-related diseases as psoriasis.
A second identified target was LPS, which was specifically bound in a direct manner by BAs without 11-keto moiety. This binding led to a potent inhibition of LPS activity (IC50 ~2 µM). Those BAs also influenced LPS signaling, as both LPS-induced iNOS expression and nitric oxide generation were inhibited. The obtained in vitro data suggests that BAs might become potentially valuable compounds for the treatment of severe LPS-mediated diseases as sepsis or septic shock.
CatG was identified as a third functional target of BAs, which was bound through direct interaction. This binding led to an inhibition of the proteolytic activity, and the catG-induced Ca2+ influx in platelets was inhibited as well. In addition, cell migration into an extracellular matrix was inhibited by BAs. CatG activity of the plasma of stimulated blood from BE-treated patients was reduced, compared to the placebo-treated control group. Conclusively, catG inhibition might contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of frankincense extracts.
Besides LL-37, LPS and catG, two novel targets of BAs, small G-proteins belonging to the protein family Ras, were identified: p21 Ras and Rap1B. The direct interaction between p21 Ras and BAs did not led to a direct inhibition of p21 Ras activity, however. Similarly, the binding of BAs to Rap1B did not led to immediate functional effects. Therefore, a participation of these targets on the beneficial effects of frankincense seems questionable.
An additional aim of the present study was the analysis of apotosis induction by ingredients of BEs. BAs without 11-keto moiety showed cytotoxic effects on Jurkat and PBMC cells (EC50 = 2.8-9.8 µM), while the related 11-keto BAs displayed less cytotoxicity. A prominent exception to this rule was ABA, which was cytotoxic for Jurkat cells but not for PBMCs. Such selectivity for cancer cells versus non-transformed cells might be of interest for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Besides BAs, RAs and LAs were identified as apoptosis-inducing compounds from frankincense, which activated caspase-8 and caspase-3, cleaved PARP and finally led to DNA fragmentation.
Taken together, LL-37, LPS and catG, all involved in inflammatory processes, were identified as novel targets of BAs. The BA concentrations needed for an efficient inhibition were in the range of BA plasma levels reached after treatment with BEs. The obtained data suggest that these molecular mechanisms might have physiological relevance. Moreover, novel triterpenes derived from frankincense were identified as potent apoptosis-inducing agents, encouraging for future studies of BE-derived compounds for their potential in the treatment of cancer and cancer-related diseases.