Abstract:
Accreting pulsars are rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars in binary systems which emit pulsed X-rays. This emission is powered by the gravitational energy of the plasma accreted from a non degenerate companion funneled onto the polar caps of the neutron star by the magnetic field, and thermalized to X-rays either in the impact with the surface of the neutron star, or in the so-called accretion column. Although discovered more than forty years ago many aspects of the emission form accreting pulsars remain puzzling. One of the key open issues is the magnetic field of the neutron stars in these systems and how we can measure it. The X-ray spectrum of these systems is characterized by a cut-off power-law, interpreted as the result of the comptonization of the bremstrahlung and cyclotron emission produced in the highly magnetized accreted plasma in the vicinity of the polar caps by the hot in-falling plasma. The theoretical description of the spectra is, however, far from complete. The presence of a strong magnetic field (B > 1 TG) constrains and quantizes the motion of the electrons perpendicularly to the field in the Landau levels, thus modifying the cross-section for Compton scatterings. The scattering cross-section strongly depends on the photon momentum and the magnetic field which manifests as the so-called cyclotron resonance scattering features (CRSFs), observed as line-like absorption features in the spectra of some pulsars. The centroid energy of these features is directly related to the magnetic field in the line-forming region via E[keV]~11.57 B[TG], providing a way to directly measure the magnetic field of a neutron star. The timing properties of a neutron star, and more specifically the changes of the pulse spin frequency, can be also used to estimate its magnetic field. Neutron stars are very compact objects with a low intrinsic moment of inertia and therefore their spin is completely governed by the external torques. These torques depend on the interaction between the magnetosphere, determined by the strength of the field, and the accreted matter. Therefore the study of these torques and the spin history can provide an estimate of the magnetic field.
In this thesis the role of these torques in the spin history of a sample of slowly rotating pulsars and the magnetic fields inferred from the torque theory has been studied. More specifically, I present a detailed study of the spectral and timing behavior of three slow-rotating accreting pulsars, namely 1A 1118-61, GX 301-2 and Vela X-1. Based on RXTE data, I first report on the discovery of a cyclotron scattering feature in the spectrum of 1A 1118-61. I also perform a detailed study of the timing parameters of 1A 1118-61 and suggest a possible measurement of the previously unknown orbital period of the source. Using the data from INTEGRAL and RXTE, I present an analysis of the well known High Mass X-ray Binaries GX 301-2 and Vela X-1 confirming with high statistics the already known spectral properties (including the observation of CRSFs) of the sources. Based on Suzaku data, I then report on the discovery of pulsed emission in the "off-states" of Vela X-1. This was a surprising result considering that until now it was thought that the X-ray emission was totally suppressed in the "off-states". I discuss these findings in the context of recent theories for "gated" accretion. I then focus on the central question of this work, i.e. on how the timing properties of GX 301-2 and Vela X-1 may help to constrain the torques affecting the neutron star and to estimate its magnetic field. The predictions of several existing torque models on the spin history of the sources are compared with CGRO BATSE observations. These observations reveal, for the first time, a correlation between the pulse frequency derivative and the accretion rate, as predicted in all torque models. Using this correlation, we can put a strong lower limit B > 10 TG on the magnetic field strength of the neutron stars in Vela X-1 and GX 301-2. This result contradicts the estimates of the magnetic field obtained from the ob- served energies of the CRSFs in these sources, which once again brings onto the stage the long-standing problem of the existence of luminous long-periodic accreting pulsars with moderate magnetic field. Possible ways to reconcile this contradiction are discussed. First I suggest that CRSFs may form high above the neutron star in the accretion column or the accretion stream above the polar caps where the magnetic field considerably weakens. Second, I critically revise possible modifications of the existing torque theory and from basic conservation arguments conclude that the magnetic field obtained on the basis of current torque models is probably not significantly overestimated. Finally I discuss how the result on GX 301-2 and Vela X-1 can be further verified, and why similar considerations might apply to other accreting pulsars.