Abstract:
Theoretical Background: Individuals suffering from full or partial Eating Disorders (ED) manifestations, experience substantial personal impairment, distress and a loss in quality of life. Although research about risk factors for the development of an ED, has been intensified over the last two decades, to date the empirical evidence is still sparse and inconsistent. Additionally, the temporal course of a risk factor prior to the onset of ED symptomatology has hardly been explored. Both issues require prospective longitudinal studies taking into account specific methodological requirements.
Study Aims: The present research aims to identify risk factors for the onset of ED symptomatology and to explore the temporal course of those factors prior to the onset.
Methods: Based on the requirements of how to identify risk factors, an observational longitudinal study targeting a university student population was conducted. At two sites (University of Minho, Portugal; University of St. Etienne, France) 151 female participants completed monthly Internet-based measurements assessing both ED symptoms and potential risk factors. For the latter, eating, weight and shape related factors, as well as unspecific factors (self-esteem, emotional dysregulation, and perfectionism) were taken into account. The development of substantial ED symptoms (e.g. low body weight, binge eating, vomiting, misuse of laxatives) were used as outcome criterion (i.e. “partial ED”).
Results: Over a period of twelve months 14.6 percent of the participants met the criterion of partial ED. Using survival analyses, several eating related factors (e.g. dietary restraint, eating concern, affect-regulatory eating), weight/shape related factors (e.g. weight concern, shape concern, body embarrassment) and unspecific factors (self-esteem, emotional dysregulation) were identified to substantially increase the risk for the onset of ED symptomatology. The trajectories of risk factors were explored using a multilevel modeling approach. The results suggest that risk factors can be divided into those which increase over the period of four months (eating and weight/shape related risk factors) and those which show a stable course over time (unspecific risk factors).
Discussion: Several factors (eating, shape, weight related, and unspecific factors) which increase the risk of ED symptomatology were identified. Risk factors such as weight and shape concerns, self-esteem, and emotional dysregulation were found to be already elevated four months prior to the onset of ED symptomatology, and thus, can be classified as “early” risk factors. These factors appear to be especially useful for the early detection of high-risk individuals and for the development of tailored risk-based prevention approaches. These findings are consistent with the results of a recent prospective study examining the onset of partial and full ED in a high-risk sample.