Abstract:
African trypanosomes are unicellular parasites that cause the nagana disease in cattle and the African sleeping sickness in humans. Their life cycle involves an obligatory change between the vertebrate and the tsetse fly. Dividing and non-proliferating stages alternate within the cycle.
With the bite of an infected fly metacyclic trypanosomes from the insect’s salivary glands are transferred to the bloodstream of a mammal. They then transform spontaneously to the bloodstream form that is called the long slender form. Their fast dividing rate causes an increase of parasitaemia. When the cell density reaches a certain threshold value, the slender cells differentiate to the non-dividing short stumpy parasites. The differentiation is a transient process that involves intermediate forms whose metabolism is similar to stumpy cells, their morphology, however, is difficult to determine. Intermediate and stumpy cells possess partly activated mitochondria and parts of the respiratory chain. They are therefore preadapted to survive in the fly.
The transduction of this cell density dependent differentiation from the long slender to the short stumpy bloodstream form is attributed to a differentiation inducing factor, that is secreted into the blood or the culture medium by the slender cells.
In this thesis the effects of conditioned medium and its fractions on the cells in axenic culture were illuminated more detailed.
Transmission electron micrographs revealed the cells that were treated with conditioned medium to show increased autophagy. In flow cytometry experiments these cells did not show signs of necrosis or enhanced apoptosis after 24 and 48 hours. However, the cells were not arrested in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle, which usually is typical for stumpy cells. Treated with the growth inhibitory fraction from gel filtration for 19 and 25 hours, pleomorphic cells developed more intermediate morphology. A significant increase of cells with stumpy morphology did not take place until after 40 hours. Similar to the effects observed with troglitazone, this finding could point towards a more important role of the intermediate trypanosomes during differentiation than currently assumed.
In this thesis a procedure for the isolation of the differentiation factor from the culture medium was established and optimized. The molecule has a molecular weight of less than 500 Da, as first step the medium therefore was ultrafiltrated through a membrane with a 1000 Da cut off. The growth inhibition effect was found completely in the filtrate fraction, which was then separated on a size exclusion column. This step was significantly optimized and accelerated by transferring it to an automated FPLC system.
For the further separation of the biologically active fraction different HPLC conditions and columns were tested. According to the high polarity of the molecule a satisfying separation could only be achieved by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
The analysis of the active HPLC fractions was performed with HPLC/ESI mass spectrometer. In negative ionization mode this revealed the masses 471 and 393 to occur in the fractions from conditioned medium, but not in the control fractions. When the purity of the fractions which were separated on the HPLC was tested, the substance turned out to be degraded quite fast. The effect intensified when the sample was dried and resolved again.
During the mass spectrometric analyses it became obvious that HEPES, which was used as buffer in the culture media, was mainly responsible for the increase of the absorption in the course of cell culture. Moreover, HEPES produced an interfering peak in the HPLC chromatograms. A serum- and HEPES-free culture medium was therefore used instead of bloodform medium. Thus, the analyses with HPLC and mass spectrometry could be significantly simplified.
Compounds that are known to be related to the differentiation process and have corresponding molecular weights were tested on the LC/MS. The cAMP analogon 8-(4-chlorphenolthio)-cAMP and the cysteine protease inhibitor carbobenzoxy-phenylalanine-alanine-diazomethylketone showed retention times that were much too short. In contrast, ADP disodium salt was more hydrophilic than the analyte and gave the wrong mass peaks.
On The accurate mass of the smaller ion could be determined as 392,9991 Da on an ESI-TOF mass spectrometer. Based on this mass, several possible sum formulae were calculated and discussed. These results are an important step on the way to the complete structure elucidation of the factor.