Abstract:
Liver cancer is one of the most common tumor types observed in humans. Since the liver is the organ mostly responsible for xenobiotic metabolism, the causes and effects of hepatocarcinogenesis are of high interest especially for the metabolism of drugs. Drug metabolism is accomplished by several members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family.
With regard to the three-stage concept of carcinogenesis, phenobarbital (PB) is a model tumor promoter in the rodent liver. In the mouse, the promotional effect of PB leads to a selective stimulation of clonal outgrowth of hepatocytes harboring activating mutations in the beta-catenin (Ctnnb1) gene. Glutamine synthetase (GS), a downstream target in the Wnt/ beta-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling pathway, is strongly up-regulated in S33Y Ctnnb1-mutated mouse liver tumors and may serve as a marker for their identification.
In this study, several CYP isoenzymes have been found to be differentially expressed in different mouse liver tumors. Immunohistochemical and western blotting analyses demonstrated that GS-positive, Ctnnb1-mutated tumors showed levels of CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C and CYP2E1 which were similar or slightly enhanced in comparison with non-tumoral liver tissue. In contrast, tumors without Ctnnb1 mutations exhibited decreased levels of these CYP isoforms. This indicates that mutation of Ctnnb1 leads to a transcriptional activation of CYP isoenzymes in mouse liver tumors.
For the evaluation of these results in vivo, a transgenic mouse model was generated which expresses S33Y-mutated CTNNB1 in a liver-specific manner. Transgene expression in hepatocytes in the liver parenchyma corresponded with expression of GS and several CYP isoenzymes on the protein level.
CYP isoenzymes are involved in both the activation and the inactivation of several clinically important anticancer drugs. Thus, our findings may be relevant for chemotherapy of human cancers in which activation of b-catenin-dependent signaling by mutation of the gene or alternative mechanisms is frequently observed.