Abstract:
Infections of humans with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) are much more fatal, in contrast to seasonal influenza infections and the current pandemic outbreak. The mortality rate of human HPAIV H5N1 infections is around 60%. In August 2010, 504 confirmed cases of avian H5N1 infections in humans have been reported, while 299 of them were lethal. HPAIV-mediated disease is characterized by lymphopenia, cytokine dysregulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. Virus-host interactions are not only crucial for the defence against influenza virus infections, moreover these sometimes can negatively impact H5N1 mediated disease severity. However, both viral and immunological factors leading to H5N1 mediated severe influenza are only poorly understood. In addition, many of the human H5N1 virus isolates are already resistant to the two main classes of anti-influenza drugs. Therefore, options for control and treatment of H5N1 infections are limited, demonstrating the urgent need for new effective countermeasures against this important disease. Fortunately, the spread of the virus is limited by a rare human-to-human transmission. Although, HPAIV H5N1 has not evolved to a form that allows easy spreading between humans, it is still considered by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a potential pandemic strain. Moreover, the possibility of a reassortment between the pandemic SOIV H1N1v and H5N1 influenza virus strain is indeed a frightening but feasible association. A mixed strain capable of efficient human-to-human transmission may cause a serious pandemic with fatal mortality rates. A basic requirement for the development of new antiviral agents and vaccines against the influenza A virus is the understanding of how and why influenza viruses cause disease in humans and what influences disease severity.
The aim of this Ph.D thesis was to provide a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms that influence the critical outcome of HPAIV infection. The second goal of this work was to identify a new promising anti-influenza agent which can be used against infections with HPAIV. In the range of the scientific publications presented here I investigated the role of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway in viral infections. I determined the impact of two major hallmarks of HPAIV infection, hypercytokinemia and lymphopenia on the critical H5N1-mediated disease outcome. Furthermore, I characterized immune mechanisms that provide cross-protection against lethal influenza A H5N1 virus infection. Finally, as an alternative approach to the common anti-viral drugs I studied the antiviral activity of polyphenols against influenza virus.