Abstract:
Beta-catenin plays multiple roles in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and in cell-cell adhesion complexes. In addition, beta-catenin is a proto-oncogene and activating beta-catenin mutations play a significant role in the genesis of colorectal, hepatocellular and other common cancers. Different functions of beta-catenin as transcriptional co-activator or cell adhesion molecule are orchestrated by changes in concentration and phosphorylation as well as its ability to complex with proteins such as cadherins or transcription factors. Embedded in the liver systems biology project Hepatosys, the goal of this thesis was to prove the applicability of protein microarray-based assays to the quantitative and time-resolved study of signaling events and to further develop miniaturized and parallelized ligand binding assays for these purposes. In the context of this thesis a novel bead array panel for the analysis of beta-catenin was developed, which is able to relatively quantify total beta-catenin concentration, the extent of phosphorylation at multiple sites and the ratio of complexed and free cytoplasmic beta-catenin. This is the first study to combine three biochemical methods – sandwich immunoassay, co-immunoprecipitation and protein-protein interaction assay – in one bead array panel.
The beta-catenin bead array panel was used to study dynamic changes in the concentration of eight different beta-catenin forms in primary mouse hepatocytes as well as in HEK293, FOCUS and HepG2 cells. For the first time, the time-resolved activity of the Wnt pathway could be measured directly on protein level using the protein-protein interaction assay and concurrently correlated with the characteristic phosphorylation pattern of beta-catenin. This study could define a signaling–active pool of distinct forms of beta-catenin (free beta-catenin and pS45, pS552 and pS675 beta-catenin) which mediates the canonical Wnt signaling on protein level in beta-catenin wild type cells. It was demonstrated in HEK293 cells that this signaling active pool originates from de-novo protein biosynthesis only, but not from membrane release. In contrast to classical models of the Wnt pathway, phosphorylated beta-catenin pS45 was found to increase after Wnt activation. Additionally, for the first time a link between Wnt signaling and beta-catenin phosphorylated at S552 and S675 could be shown on protein level.
Moreover, in FOCUS and HepG2 the influence of non-canonical Wnt signaling on beta-catenin-mediated canonical Wnt signaling was investigated. In contrast to recently published results, no inhibitory effect of non-canonical Wnt signaling was observed on the level of beta-catenin.
Parts of the data sets describing dynamic beta-catenin/Wnt signaling are currently used for mathematical modeling of the Wnt pathway.