Abstract:
The aim of this work was the in-situ characterization of hexa(ethylene glycol) self-assembling monolayers (SAMs), their growth in water, their structural changes at elevated temperatures and their longtime stability. The focus was on the interaction of the thiol molecules with the surrounding water molecules and the conformational and structural consequences.
The importance of the utilization of surfaces functionalized with SAMs has increased enormously over the last years. Their spontaneous organization into well ordered crystalline structures allows systematical changes of the chemical properties of surfaces and therefore an enormous bandwidth of applications. In the center of this work are SAMs, which are able to passivate surfaces against unspecific protein absorption. They can be used e.g. in medical applications to hinder the irreversible adsorption of proteins with surfaces, to structure cells on surfaces or in combination with specific headgroups as sensor elements. A key to the understanding of the mechanism of protein resistance is the ability of the SAM to bind water molecules at their surface and in their interior.
Infrared spectroscopy is a well suited technique for the identification of molecules and their structural changes due to the interaction with their environment. Due to the strong absorption of water in the fingerprint region it is challenging to measure molecules in aqueous environment (in-situ). This problem can be overcome by the surface sensitive polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PMIRRAS) technique in combination with a thin liquid layer cell allowing to perform in-situ measurements with a very high signal-to-noise ratio. Since such in-situ measurements are much more challenging as measurements in air, they require an optimization of the experimental setup and the data analysis.
In the first part of the work, the methodological basics for in-situ measurements are established. Hansen's Matrix method, which can be used to calculate the reflectivity on multilayer systems is implemented in a software and the calculations are experimentally validated. The results are used to optimize the experimental conditions and to control the thickness of the water layer directly from the PMIRRAS data. Further, it is shown how the spectra can be normalized and reproducibly baseline corrected. In addition, a substrate is developed, enabling PMIRRAS measurements of silane SAMs on silicon oxide surfaces. Its practical use is shown with the help of specific protein binding with the PEG-biotin system.
Using this technical framework the growth and reordering behavior of hexa(ethylene glycol) thiols on gold was investigated in real time under in-situ conditions. We were able to monitor a conformational change from mixed all trans and helical to predominantly helical and an increase in crystalline order. Further, the interaction of SAMs with water molecules was studied. It depends strongly on the surface coverage of the SAM. In addition, the stability over long time was studied under water and in air.
With increasing temperature, the number of the molecules in helical conformation is getting smaller and the crystallinity of the SAM is decreasing. For the temperature range below 40 °C, the change in conformation is reversible after drying and re-immersion. This suggests that the water molecules are strongly bound in the OEG moiety and a driving force is needed to remove them. At temperatures above 40 °C, a further decrease of the molecules in helical conformation and an irreversible loss of crystalline structure takes place. This suggests an oxidation of the SAM at temperatures above 40 °C.
In addition, structural changes of hexa(ethylene glycol) SAMs exposed to ambient atmosphere and natural light were investigated. The intensity of the vibrational modes associated with the OEG moiety decreased exponentially, simultaneously the absorption modes of the degradation products, esters and formates, increased. SAMs stored in the dark turned out to be very stable against degradation effects.
The results for the model system hexa(ethylene glycol) thiol SAMs contribute to a general understanding of protein resistance and may be adopted for other protein resistant SAMs. Together with the optimization of the experimental setup and the data analysis for this kind of measurements, they form a fundament for the development and understanding of more complex and specialized experiments.