Abstract:
The influence of greenhouse gases on the development of global climate has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Various proxies and geochemical models have been applied in order to reconstruct palaeoclimate and palaeo-Ca, partially providing conflicting results. Since carbon dioxide (CO2) is the substrate of plant photosynthesis, plants are suitable climate indicators providing accurate information about temperature and Ca. In many species, the frequency of stomata (pores on the leaf surface used for gaseous exchange) decreases with increasing Ca and, thus, stomatal frequency is another promising proxy in palaeoclimatology.
In this dissertation, fossil plant material from the Middle Messel Formation excavated in the Messel Pit near Darmstadt (Hesse, Germany) is used to reconstruct Ca in the middle Eocene. For this reconstruction, a novel mechanistic-theoretical approach is applied providing a quantitative derivation of the stomatal density response to varying Ca. The model couples: 1) the biochemical process of C3-photosynthesis, 2) the physical process of diffusion describing the movement of water molecules out of and carbon dioxide molecules into the leaf through opened stomata, and 3) an optimisation principle solving the problem of land plants to adjust their stomata in such a way that they reach maximum CO2 uptake for photosynthesis at minimum water loss via stomatal transpiration. These three sub-models also include palaeoenvironmental data (temperature, water availability, wind velocity and atmospheric humidity), leaf anatomy and stoma geometry (such as depth, length and
width of stomatal porus and thickness of assimilation tissue). In order to calculate curves of stomatal density as a function of Ca, various biochemical parameters have to be borrowed from extant representatives. The necessary palaeoclimate data are reconstructed using Leaf Margin Analysis and the Coexistence Approach. In order to obtain significant results, two species in different plant families are selected for Ca-calculations.
Palaeoclimate calculations for the middle Eocene Messel Pit indicate a warm and humid climate with a mean annual temperature probably around 22°C (up to ~24°C), up to 2540mm mean annual precipitation and the absence of extended periods of drought. Mean relative air humidity is reconstructed as rather high too, up to 77%. The combined results of the two selected plant taxa indicate values for atmospheric CO2 between approximately 700 and 840 ppm for the middle Eocene of Messel.