Abstract:
The geochemistry of As is strongly affected by the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and minerals. NOM can change As speciation via redox reactions and complexation. In chapter 2, we showed the formation of binary and ternary colloids and dissolved complexes of As(V), Fe and OM by ATR-FTIR and Mössbauer-spectroscopy. Dissolved Fe-OM complexes and ferrihydrite-OM colloids were formed by reacting OM with ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)3). Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that about 5% of the Fe in the colloidal ferrihydrite-OM mixture was present as Fe-OM complexes in the dissolved fraction. In As(V) plus Fe-OM systems (containing both dissolved and colloidal Fe-OM), 3.5-8 my g As(V)/mg OC was bound to the Fe-OM complexes/colloids compared to <0.015 my g As(V)/mg OC in As-OM systems (without Fe). Upon filtration of As-Fe-OM complexes/colloids with a 3 kDa filter, about 6% As was found in the dissolved fraction and about 94% As in colloidal Fe-OM. Results suggest that As(V) is associated with Fe-OM mainly via ferrihydrite-OM colloids but to a small extent also in dissolved Fe-OM complexes via Fe-bridging.
In Chapter 3 and 4, column experiments were used to study the effect of NOM on As transport and retention in ferrihydrite-coated sand systems. OM containing systems transported As faster and also desorbed As to a higher extent than in OM-free systems. Between As(III) vs. As(V), we found that As(III) was transported faster by up to 18% and also desorbed more than As(V)(upto 37%) in all systems. The fastest breakthrough and highest desorption occurred in systems containing soil OM and fulvic acid. Dialysis and ultrafiltration of samples showed that in systems containing OM, As was transported mostly as free (non-complexed) As but also as ternary As-Fe-OM colloids and dissolved complexes. In OM-free systems, As was transported in colloidal form or as free ion. Increase in ionic strength (chapter 4) slightly lowered the amount of As(V) desorbed (by about 10%) from the ferrihydrite-coated sand for systems containing 50 mg C/L humic acid (HA). The results show that NOM can mobilize As as dissolved complexes/colloids, different fractions of NOM are capable of As mobilization and freshly extracted soil OM (from a forest soil) had greater impact on As transport than purified fulvic and humic acid. In addition, changes in ionic strength may also affect As mobilization.
Apart from Fe minerals, clay also control the mobility of As. Chapter 5 dealt with clay minerals-OM interactions. Binding site analysis of clay and clay-HA complexes, revealed an enhanced surface reactivity for the clay surface in the presence of humic substances. Kaolinite and illite had three types of binding sites compared to kaolinite-HA and illite-HA complexes which had 4 or 5 at different Ca2+ concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 M) within the pKa range of 4.4 to 9.5. From zeta potential measurements of kaolinite-HA and illite-HA suspensions, we know that the already negative potential decreased by 30 mV from pH 4 to 7, and by 10 mV for pH values greater than 7. For illite and kaolinite the initial negative surface potential decreased by 15 mV up to a pH of 9. Above this pH, the potential decrease diminished to 2 or 5 mV. These results indicate that the sorption of HA increases the availability of binding sites.
In chapter 6, we quantified sorption of As(III) and As(V) to illite and kaolinite as well as to clay-HA, i.e., Illite-HA and Kaolinite-HA, at pH 7. Clay-HA complexes sorbed higher amounts of As than clay only systems by 28-50% upon addition of 100 my M As(III) or As(V). Between As(III) vs. As(V), As(V) sorption was higher by 15-32% than As(III). The desorption of both redox species of As from clay-HA complexes ranged from 32-72% compared to 2-54% in clay only systems. During desorption, PO43- removed As more effectively than silicate from clay and clay-HA. No distinct trends were found for desorption by PO43- /SiO44-when comparing As(III) vs. As(V) or kaolinite vs illite systems. In summary, HA sorption to clay minerals can increase As binding to the clay although the As sorbed by clay-HA is also released to a greater extent upon desorption by environmentally relevant concentrations of PO43- or SiO44-.
Overall, the results from As-mineral-OM interactions in this study shows the NOM is involved in almost all interactions related to As. Therefore, mineral-As interaction has to be studied in the presence of NOM to understand As geochemistry better.