Abstract:
In this work magnetic methods were used for systematic and high-resolution investigation of industrially polluted soils, where soil pollution is caused by heavy metal bearing air-borne particulate matter. The focus of the study is on the characteristic magnetic signals determined from ultra-shallow (~0.5 m) vertical profiles acquired in areas of <10 m² (“site scale”). The development of measuring techniques for efficient (fast and high-quality) acquisition of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) is based on the specific properties of these vertical profiles. Optimization of the MS proxy potential for semi-quantitative assessment of heavy metal (HM) loads from anthropogenic and geogenic origin in soils is a central part of this work.
For evaluation of the potential of different sampling and measuring techniques plus the impact of soil types on anthropogenic MS distribution in soils, investigations were conducted at three different industrial sites with different soil types.
An experiment with artificially applied magnetic tracer (fly ash) for investigation of the time-dependent spatial behavior (migration/accumulation) of magnetic particles was performed in forest soil. Comparison of the results from the “artificial” tracer test (surface MS and vertical profile MS) and data from soils contaminated by atmospheric deposition contributes for better assessment of the influence of soils on the development of the MS signal.
Within this framework new sampling and measuring strategies for best possible high-resolution and efficient (time-saving) MS data acquisition in soil profiles collected from “site scale” sized areas are presented. Sampling and measuring techniques in areas of a few m² are systematically compared and innovative analysis and assessment methods are developed.
The potential of an integrative measuring strategy for an individual investigation site (“site scale”) comprising MS surface measurements, vertical MS profiles plus important soil parameters is systematically investigated in four soil types. It is demonstrated that only the combination of different measuring techniques, taking into account specific soil properties and individual soil development, enhances data quality for reliable assessment of HM loads when conducting applied MS screening. In this context the proof for correlation of MS and HM was performed independently from the modern and fast measuring methods. Differently contaminated soil profiles are exemplarily and representatively (bigger sample volumes of ~200 cm³) investigated for their MS and HM concentration at high-resolution (0.5 cm vertical spacing). The methodologically independent, precise results are utilized for assessment of the potential of rapidly measured vertical MS profiles.
It is shown that a larger number of vertical MS profiles enables numerical determination of a “boundary depth”. This magnetically defined depth separates the upper, polluted soil zone with anthropogenically enhanced MS (pollution MS) from the lower, unpolluted zone, which represents the geogenic signal. Only this important, systematic MS acquisition strategy, which directly includes soil type specific properties into the MS data, provides the opportunity for reliable, numerical determination of the “boundary depth”. This forms the boundary conditions for standardized quantification of pollution MS by signal integration.
Possible sources for errors, which might occur from rapid data acquisition and the impact on the results are investigated from comprising data sets. Results show the high importance of systematic and accurate data acquisition, assessment, processing and interpretation, while already small systematic discrepancies in the data sets might lead to considerable false estimation. In this context a universal processing strategy is presented. This is a milestone concerning information generation and quality, which is not provided yet by simple vertical MS profile assessment.
Soils are only one type of pollution sinks, respectively pollution accumulators in the environment. Therefore, besides the central part of this work, publications about magnetic screening in common are contained. The framework of the entire discipline is outlined, especially by including atmospheric deposition collected on tree leaves. This work is not only unique to industrial pollution sources, but it also includes traffic-generated and common urban immissions. The impact of such sources on urban soils is investigated, and important magnetic, chemical and physical parameters are tested for their typical distribution patterns. These systematic analyses provide the basis for further optimization of magnetic proxy methods.
Furthermore, fly ash samples from coal-fired power plants were investigated for their magnetic and chemical properties. Fly ashes are one of the most important industrially generated pollutants world-wide, and investigations about their behavior in soils are important for magnetic soil pollution screening.