Abstract:
Fractional vortices or rho -vortices are fascinating objects, which are only recently discovered. This thesis is divided into two parts, the measurement of the activation energy of a fractional vortex and the spectroscopy of a vortex-molecule. Fractional vortices can be studied in long 0–kappa Josephson junctions, where a jump of the Josephson phase is created artificially with a pair of tiny current injectors. To compensate for this phase discontinuity, a rho vortex is formed. Here, rho describes the vortex’s so called topological charge. The rho vortices are pinned at the discontinuity and they carry the fraction rho/2Pi*\Phi_0 of magnetic flux, with the magnetic flux quantum Phi_0 = 2.07*10-15. Two stable vortex configurations are possible, a direct Vortex and a complementary one. rho depends on the injector current. When the bias current of the junction exceeds a characteristic threshold, which dependents on rho, the Lorentz force is bigger than the pinning force of the vortex and a fluxon is pulled away. In this case a complementary (rho - 2 Pi) vortex is left behind. This switching of the rho vortex and the resulting emission of a fluxon can be described as a Kramers like escape of a particle out of a tilted washboard potential. The washboard potential is tilted to the point where the barrier is small enough, so that the particle can escape via thermal or quantum fluctuations. In the case of thermal fluctuations the barrier height is called activation energy. The activation energy can be determined by measuring the junction’s switching current statistics. In this thesis, the activation energy, necessary for the vortex escape, was measured as a function of rho and a homogenous external magnetic field perpendicular to the junction. The main focus was the investigation of 0–pi junctions. The temperature dependence of the activation energy was investigated, too. It turns out, that the transition-state-theory is convenient to describe the switching probability of the standard Nb-AlOx-Nb junctions at 4.2K. For the measurements at 0.5K a model of low to intermediate damping results in a much better agreement with the measurements. The measurements show very good agreements with numerical calculations, based on the perturbed Sine-Gordon equation and demonstrate, that the activation process in the thermal regime is well understood. It was also tried to reach the regime, where the escape process is dominated by macroscopic quantum tunneling. During this thesis first hints of the macroscopic quantum tunneling of fractional vortices were observed. Beside the measurements of the activation energy, the resonant escape of rho vortices was investigated. As mentioned before, rho vortices are pinned at the discontinuity. They can be deformed and so they can oscillate around there equilibrium position with a characteristic eigenfrequency. By applying an AC current, with the vortex’s eigenfrequency, the escape process is resonantly enhanced. Spectroscopic investigations of the resonant activation are successfully realized for a single vortex and a two-vortex molecule. In vortex molecules, vortex coupling results in an eigenfrequency splitting and the dependency of the vortex configuration can be observed. Here, a parallel and an antiparallel configuration is possible. Due to the coupling of the two vortices, a splitting of the eigenfrequency occurs, corresponding to an in and an out-of phase oscillation mode. The lowest mode has been measured as a function of the applied bias current and the coupling strength. Whereas the next higher mode could only be measured for a large distance between the two vortices and a small frequency splitting. Here, a very good agreement between experimental data and numerical calculations based on the Sine-Gordon model has been observed. The experiments in this thesis show, that the behavior of fractional vortices in the thermal regime is well understood. A basis is now created to investigate the quantum mechanical behavior and to study more complex systems with more than two vortices in one junction.