Abstract:
Extracts of Boswellia species gum resin, also called frankincense, have been traditionally used for centuries in the folk medicine of India and China to treat inflammatory disorders. Based on the assumption that boswellic acids (BAs) are the main pharmacological principles of frankincense extracts, numerous studies were carried out to elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms of BAs responsible for the anti-inflammatory potential of frankincense applied in humans. Most studies focused on AKBA or KBA as pharmacological principles and several targets including 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), platelet-type 12-LO, human leukocyte elastase, IkappaB kinases, cytochrome P450 enzymes and topoisomerases have been proposed, but their interaction in vivo has been largely neglected. Thus, the pharmacological relevance of the interference of BAs with these targets is still unclear. Following this line, the present work describes the identification of novel molecular targets of BAs and evaluates the interference with important key players and signaling pathways involved in inflammatory processes in view of their biological relevance. Therefore, the object of research was focused on enzymes within the arachidonic acid cascade and platelet physiology. Detailed investigations yielded new insights on the influence of BAs on intracellular signaling and functional characteristics of platelets. Application of the BA-fishing construct discovered two novel molecular targets of BAs, namely cyclooxygenase(COX)-1 and michrosomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1. Moreover, extensive functional analysis considering important physiological parameters critically examined the interference of BAs with COX enzymes, 5-LO and mPGES-1 in view of their in vivo relevance and the findings rather exclude suppression of COX and 5-LO product formation as responsible anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In fact, the interference of ß-BA with mPGES-1, lowering pathophysiological PGE2 levels in vitro and in vivo represents a more reasonable molecular basis contributing to the anti-inflammatory potential of BA-containing frankincense preparations in humans.