Abstract:
Depressive patients frequently complain about significant cognitive impairments, especially concerning subjective deficits of attention, memory and executive functions. In contrast, the findings in the literature on objective test performance are not always uniform. They range from trivial to considerable cognitive deficits in patients suffering from a mild to moderate form of depression. The aim of this study was to compare objective neuropsychological test parameters, subjective estimations and profiles in clinical-psychological questionnaires among depressive participants with normal controls.
Subjects for the study consisted of 34 patients with a depression and 30 healthy volunteers. The special feature of this investigation was the consecutive immediate request for subjective estimation of test performance in the concrete testing situation during the entire investigation process. Previous studies mainly applicated questionnaires to collect subjective information. However, usually the questionnaires were not closely time-connected to the specific testing situation and not always referred to pure test parameters.
Results showed a systematic underestimation of subjective appreciation in the depressive group concerning their objective neuropsychological test performance, which was only slightly reduced. In terms of their subjective estimations, the two groups differed from each other in a consistently statistical and meaningful significance. The participants in the depressed group estimated their cognitive performance significantly lower than the participants in the control group, both in advance, as well as during the actual examination situation and after each completed test. When comparing the two groups, their objective neuropsychological performance parameters showed no consistent statistically significant differences. In contrast to the subjective estimations the objective performance between the groups were not considered to be clinically significant. A statistical significance of the influence of depression on subjective assessments and on test results could not be determined.
The results are discussed within different explanatory models of depression, including irrational beliefs, negative biasing schemes, poor self-efficacy expectation and self-protection through preventive low subjective performance appraisal. Finally, neuropsychological treatment options as a contribution to the interdisciplinary therapy of depression are proposed.