Abstract:
This dissertation covers the settlement history of the Heilbronn area (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) in the Hallstatt and Early Latène periods (8th to 4th century BC). The area covered measures approximately 30 by 40 km. It is divided by geology, soil types and climate into two contrasting parts: the loess covered land of the Neckar valley and its tributaries, and the surrounding marl and sandstone hills.
The analyzed finds mainly consist of ceramic fragments. Most of the few metal objects were found at burial sites. The finds are described and compared to finds from neighbouring areas.
Ceramic finds from the Heilbronn area can be divided into two clearly separate groups. The first group contains Alb-Hegau type pottery and associated materials, dating into the phases Hallstatt C and early Hallstatt D, summarized as HaC/D1. The second group contains forms known from Heuneburg periods III-I and from Early Latène period sites, including some stamp decorated Early Latène pottery, dating from Hallstatt D2 to the beginning of Latène B, summarized as SHa/FLt.
One paragraph deals with numerous finds of briquetage from 51 settlement sites in the Heilbronn area. These are fragments of characteristic pottery vessels used for the boiling of brine to obtain salt and for the transport of salt blocks.
Settlement structures are usually badly preserved because of large scale erosion.
There are 21 burial sites with flat graves from the SHa/FLt Phase, and only one from the HaC/D1 phase. Additionally 21 barrows contain burials from the Hallstatt and Early Latène periods, 59 other barrows can not be securely dated. In six certain, and several other possible cases, people were buried inside the settlements.
All known 21 settlement sites of the HaC/D1 phase are rather small, consisting of single buildings or small groups of no more than 3 structures. The 170 known settlement sites of the SHa/FLt phase are bigger, with up to 25 structures, forming hamlets made up by loosely arranged small groups of buildings. Additionally there are 3 fortified and 4 non fortified hilltop sites.
The Neckar valley, its tributaries and the loess areas were densely settled throughout the covered periods. The hills and plateaus show only slight traces of occupation.
Settlement sites are predominantly situated on slight slopes, rarely on hilltops or on fluvial terraces. The same holds true for burial sites, except for barrows, which mostly lie at better visible positions on hilltops.
Most settlement sites show an exposure to south through northeast, exposure to southwest through north is rare. Exposure to southeast is preferred in all periods, offering protection from the prevailing southwest winds. Hilltop sites apparently follow different rules, preferring military protection and representative situation to protection from weather and easy access to water and arable land. Settlement sites are situated between 50 and 1000 m (average 300 m) from the next water source.
All settlement sites apparently were predominantly agricultural settlements. There are no traces of specialized areas or separate settlements for the execution of specialized industries, and no separate storage areas.
Due to the high density of sites it is rarely possible to link settlements and burials.
During the HaC/D1 phase contemporary settlements are usually situated at a distance of several kilometers from each other. During the SHa/FLt phase the distance can vary between a few hundred meters and several kilometers. Contemporaneity of settlement and relations between different settlement sites are difficult to establish by archaeological means.
Contrasting to the settlement sites, burial sites at least in HaC/D1 show signs of social stratification.
The Heilbronn area is only 30 and 90 km distant from the Late Hallstatt “princely sites” at Hohenasperg and Würzburg-Marienberg, respectively. Nevertheless, the finds from the Heilbronn area don’t show any influences from the “princely sites”. Probably the area was situated in between their respective spheres of influence.
The number of known settlements developed from 25 sites at the end of the Urnfield period and 21 sites in the HaC/D1 phase into 170 sites in the SHa/FLt phase and into 47 sites in the Middle and Late Latène period.