Abstract:
In the present work, the dc Josephson effect has been investigated for geometric Josephson junctions. These investigations were based on the calculation of two-dimensional selfconsistent solutions for the propagators of microscopic Eilenberger theory of superconductivity. Using these calculations, geometric Josephson junctions in the form of microbridges consisting of superconductors with s- and d-wave symmetry of the pairing interaction have been considered. The typical dimensions l and w of the constriction which realizes the Josephson junction have been varied in the full range from l,w << xi_0 to l,w >> xi_0, where xi_0 is the coherence length of the superconductor. Furthermore, screening effects have been investigated as well as the influence of an external magnetic field. All calculations were carried out for the full temperature range from T=0 up to the critical temperature Tc.
In order to explore geometric Jospehson junctions theoretically, an efficient method for the numerical calculation of selfconsistent solutions for the propagators of microscopic Eilenberger theory for extended two-dimensional geometries has been developed and implemented using parallelized algorithms. A description has been found which allows for the consideration of magnetic fields using an appropriate magnetic vector potential. Here, the magnetic fields comprise both external magnetic fields as well as those evoked by the currents flowing in the geometry. At the same time, the methods developed in the present work are not restricted to Josephson junctions. Accordingly, the application to a variety of problems in the scope of microscopic theory of superconductivity is viable.
To investigate the static behaviour of the Josephson junctions under consideration, current-phase relations have been calculated and the respective critical currents have been extracted. If the current-phase relation of a Josephson junction is known, the change of the free energy of the Josephson junction caused by a variation of the gauge-invariant phase difference can be found from an integration of the current-phase relation. A derivation of the according relation based on the Eilenberger functional has been given in the present work. Hence, a microscopic foundation for the calculation of the variation of the free energy has been given, which is valid in the full temperature range from T=0 to Tc as well as in the presence of external magnetic fields. Furthermore, the derivation given in the present work is not restricted to Josephson junctions but can be applied to arbitrary structures exhibiting a current-phase relation.
In the first part of the present work, the methods described above have been applied to a geometric Josephson junction in the form of a rectangular microbridge consisting of a conventional s-wave superconductor. Based on the calculation of the amplitude and the phase of the pairing potential, of the current density and of the local quasiparticle density of states in the microbridge, the emergence of the Josephson effect at a constriction of the superconducting material has been investigated. Furthermore, the influence of the relevant geometric parameters has been considered. On the one hand, it has been shown that, for a growing width of the microbridge, the current-phase relations become more and more non-sinusoidal and multivalued. This behaviour marks the transition to current flow in the bulk. On the other hand, it has been shown that, for a growing length of the microbridge, the current-phase relations also become more and more non-sinusoidal, but the critical current decreases and approaches a finite limiting value. Finally, screening effects as well as the influence of an external magnetic field have been investigated. It has been found that the relation between the magnetic penetration depth lambda_L and the coherence length xi_0 (Ginzburg-Landau parameter kappa) does not have a relevant influence on the current-phase relation as long as the magnetic penetration depth is not considerably smaller than the extension of the constriction. Furthermore, the selfconsistent results show that, for a microbridge Josephson junction, an external magnetic field leads to a suppression of superconductivity in the extended electrodes, whereas in the direct vicinity of the microbridge, superconductivity survives up to much larger fields because of the small spatial extent of the superconductor. This leads to monotonically decreasing critical currents as a function of the magnitude of the external magnetic field. In particular, for lambda_L >~ l,w, no quantized vortices appear in the junction and a Fraunhofer pattern cannot be observed.
In the second part of the present work, the rectangular microbridge geometry has been investigated for the case of the unconventional d-wave superconductor. In the present work, the influence of d-wave symmetry on the Josephson effect emerging at geometric Josephson junctions has been considered for the first time. The unconventional d-wave symmetry leads to spectacular new effects as compared to the case of the conventional s-wave superconductor. For a nodal orientation of the crystal lattice, the unconventional symmetry of the pairing interaction leads to Andreev bound states and backflowing currents at the surface of the material, which may eventually lead to negative total currents and finite intrinsic phase differences of the Josephson junction. Accordingly, it has been shown that pi Josephson junctions as well as phi Josephson junctions can be realized based on geometric Josephson junctions consisting of a d-wave superconductor. This makes up a novel mechanism leading to negative coupling and intrinsic phase differences in Josephson junctions.
The appearance of backflowing surface currents for the peculiar case of negative coupling has been explained based on the local quasiparticle density of states in the constriction. The contributions of higher harmonics to the resulting current phase relations have been analyzed. Based on the microscopic derivation of the relation between the current phase relation and the variation of the free energy, the state of the junctions has been displayed in the form of 0-pi phase diagrams. The microscopic derivation of the variation of the free energy provides a solid basis for the relation between the intrinsic phase difference and the current phase relation.
In the third and last part of the present work, a special geometry for a constriction-type Josephson junction consisting of a d-wave superconductor has been proposed, which leads to the appearance of intrinsic phase differences at comparatively large extensions of the constriction in a particularly robust way. For this so-called geometric pi Josephson junction, current phase relations and critical currents have been calculated both selfconsistently as well as employing a non-selfconsistent model for the pairing potential. Based on these results, the influence of all relevant geometric parameters as well as of the temperature has been derived. In particular, it has been found that in the limit of a vanishing extension of the constriction, a pi point contact follows, which is the direct analogue to a standard point contact. The influence of the geometric parameters as well as of the temperature on the state of the Josephson junction has been displayed in the form of 0-pi phase diagrams and an experimental realization has been discussed.
In the present work, Josephson junctions with an intrinsic phase difference based on constrictions of d-wave superconductors have been described for the first time. This new kind of phi and pi Josephson junction opens up a variety of new possibilities both for basic research as well as for applications in superconducting electronics. To obtain normal or 0 Josephson junctions as well as pi and phi Josephson junctions by structuring an epitactic thin film of a d-wave superconductor allows for the straightforward creation of superconducting loops with a bistable ground state, as well as for diverse extensions and improvements in the field of superconducting rapid single flux quantum or RSFQ logic. In particular, the possibility to create 0, phi and pi Josephson junctions in a single process has been opened up. This allows for almost arbitrary combinations of these particular Josephson junctions to SQUID and SQIF structures in order to manipulate their respective characteristics.