Abstract:
The main objective of this thesis was to find out the reasons, why rare broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) in the spontaneous flora are rare and endangered, while weedy broomrapes threat crops in agriculture.
During extensive field work 13 of 22 listed Orobanche spp. were found in Romania, namely Orobanche alba, O. arenaria, O. caryophyllacea, O. coerulescens, O. elatior, O. gracilis, O. lucorum, O. lutea, O. minor, O. purpurea, O. reticulata, O. salviae and O. teucrii. In Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, 11 of 21 listed Orobanche spp. were found, namely Orobanche alsatica, O. arenaria, O. caryophyllacea, O. elatior, O. hederae, O. lutea, O. mayeri, O. minor, O. picridis, O. purpurea and O. teucrii. The studies result in the statement, that the number of sites, where Orobanche occurs, and the number of individuals, where they are found, is generally declining.
Climate warming plays a minor role, although it would favour Orobanche. Collected local weather data over the past 3-4 years showed a distinct tendency towards dryer spring months (April-June). The precipitation over the days and months is irregularly distributed and changes from year to year. Dry spring months are unsuitable for conditioning and germination of Orobanche seeds. This explains, why some Orobanche spp. were not found in every year.
Rare Orobanche spp. compared with the noxious Orobanche spp. in agriculture are biologically handicapped. Their seed production is lower, since their flower stands are much smaller than that of noxious species. Due to insect attack the stems dry off early, so that the seed development leads to immature or empty seeds. This was shown by germination tests under standardised laboratory conditions, and was confirmed by electron microscopy. Some Orobanche spp. develop only short germination tubes (radicles), which have a very limited chance to come in contact with a host plant root and to form a haustorium.
Due to these biological disadvantages the rare Orobanche spp. are not expected to become noxious species endangering crop plants. The transition to crop damaging pathotypes in rare cases may happen by mutative adaptation (Orobanche foetida) or by hybridisation (Orobanche lavandulacea x O. ramosa).
Series of germination tests were carried out with Orobanche seeds, stimulating them with root exudates of their host plants or with the synthetic germination stimulant GR 24, without or with the addition of potential germination inhibitors, and/or gibberellic acid, which could increase elongation growth of the germ tubes. With GR 24 the germination rates of O. elatior and O. lutea were zero, that of O. hederae extremely low. This deserves attention, because GR 24 generally serves as a standard in germination tests. In all the germination test series in this thesis Orobanche ramosa, a noxious species in agriculture, was used for comparison.
In order to study allelopathic interactions with the associated flora analyses of root exudates by HPLC with UV/VIS diode array detector, and GC-MS were carried out. Benzoic acid was a significant component in half of the investigated root exudates, including that of the associated flora. Its identity was verified by the retention time in the HPLC chromatograms and by the absorption spectrum. Germination inhibitors of the cinnamic acid family were not found. Germination inhibition, shown by standardised germination tests, resulted in significant differences in sensitivity among the Orobanche spp.
Suicidal germination is considered a significant factor in the limitation of rare Orobanche spp. Almost all plant roots exude strigolactones, the natural germination stimulants, because these are required for mycorrhiza development. Hence, the exudates of the associated flora stimulates germination, without being parasitised afterwards. Under these circumstances no seed potential is built up in the soil, which during a favourable year could lead to a mass appearance of Orobanche.
After the observation during the germination tests that fungi grow out of the seed, these were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. When the presence of endophytic Ascomycetes was discovered, their moleculargenetic identification was carried out. Two fungi have been identified doubtless as Alternaria tenuissima strain IA 285 and Cladosporium sp.
For the first time strigolactones have been isolated from the root exudates of host plants of rare Orobanche spp. and identified by HPLC-Tandem-MS. Known structures have been found, but there are also indications for related compound, whose structures are not yet revealed. The results show host plant specific qualitative differences in the composition of strigolactones. This supports the hypothesis that host specificity may depend on specific mixtures of strigolactones exuded by the host plant.
The surface of seed coats of Orobanche spp. has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, in order to prove the suitability for the identification of Orobanche spp. According to the obtained results Orobanche and Phelipanche (Trionychon) sections can be distinguished, but scarcely the species within these sections.