Abstract:
In the research framework proposed in this dissertation, science exhibitions are conceptualized as dynamic information spaces for knowledge building that are constituted by three major pathways of knowledge communication: museum-to-visitor, visitor-to-visitor, and visitor-to-museum knowledge communication. It is argued that advanced technologies have the potential to support all forms of visitor-to-visitor knowledge communication but additionally, they allow for new forms of knowledge communication among unacquainted visitors and beyond the actual museum visit. Central learning mechanisms are analysed, namely socio-cognitive conflict, internalization of social processes, giving and receiving help, argumentation, co-construction of knowledge/group cognition, and active participation in knowledge building with regard to their relevance for learning in science exhibitions. Prototypical advanced media applications in science exhibitions that address these mechanisms are presented. These analytical considerations are then applied to examine the learning potential of discussion terminals for the communication of emergent technologies and contemporary science topics. For this purpose, a specific exhibition about nanotechnology is used as context. The specific challenge in communicating contemporary science topics is the fact that these topics are often discussed controversially, and science museums therefore face the challenge to adequately represent the ongoing public debate around such issues and to support their visitors in critical thinking and reflective judgement. Discussion terminals are introduced as innovative kind of discussion-based media installations that both can foster individual opinion formation processes and allow for opinion exchange and debate among visitors.
In a first study, the impact of expression of opinion and salience of arguments on participants’ argument repertoire, opinion quality, and attitudes towards nanotechnology was tested in a 2x2 experimental design. Expression of opinion was revealed to have an impact on the argument repertoire but was not sufficient for formation of high-quality opinions. In contrary, asking for an overall judgement only seems to trigger top-down processes of opinion formation, that is, opinions and attitudes are formed that are highly dependent from prior attitudes and beliefs (confirmation bias, belief bias). Salience of arguments, however, was shown to be important for the formation of well-founded opinions and attitudes that are independent from prior attitudes.
However, the Ss still showed a myside bias in their essays on their personal opinion, that is, they were indeed enabled to generate a valid rationale to support their personal opinion but failed to integrate counterarguments and arguments to refute these counterarguments. This ability, however, is considered as major indicator for good informal reasoning and critical thinking. Thus, study 2 aims at specifying the potential of discussion-based installations to reduce the myside bias in judgement. Encountering disagreement at the discussion terminal was proposed to be a major promoter of critical thinking and reflective judgement: Both awareness of what other people think and some understanding why they think so should foster deliberate opinion formation that takes also counterarguments into account. The assumption that a major potential of discussion-based installations is confronting visitors with the opposing view of others was tested in a second study. Disagreement with others' judgement was shown to reduce the myside bias in the participants’ argument repertoire. Furthermore, disagreement led to higher scores in reflective judgement and improved quality of counterargument generation and rebuttal construction indicating that the study participants deliberately elaborated on the reasons why other people disagreed and were thereby enabled to construct valid rebuttals of others’ counterarguments.
Both studies imply that a discussion terminal - when designed carefully - is a valuable facilitator of critical thinking and reflective judgement about contemporary science topics.