Abstract:
Transport and distribution of organic contaminants in porous aquifers are subject to groundwater-sediment interactions and underlie a variety of physical-chemical and microbiological reactions, such as biodegradation. The complexity of these processes is aggravated by heterogeneities of the sediment matrix and fluctuating environmental conditions. Comprehensive knowledge of the hydrogeology and biogeochemistry of a given site and of the factors limiting biodegradation is therefore crucial for a reasonable implication of remediation concepts.
Numerical simulations and lab experiments revealed biodegradation processes to take place predominantly at the fringes of organic contaminant plumes, where transverse dispersion provides mixing of electron donors from the plume center with electron acceptors from the adjacent groundwater. In the resulting transition zone, which is restricted to a small area in the centimeter range, pronounced bioactivities are indicated by steep gradients of redox-sensitive parameters. In contrast to well controllable numerical and experimental models, sampling in aquifers is tainted with considerable financial and technical efforts. The monitoring of contaminated sites is therefore mostly restricted to groundwater analyses performed at an insufficient temporal and spatial scale, which conceal detailed information on the localization and relevance of individual redox processes as well as on rates and limitations of biodegradation.
By means of a novel high-resolution multi-level groundwater well, biodegradation processes in a tar oil-contaminated porous aquifer could be investigated for the first time at an appropriate scale with a vertical resolution of down to 2.5 cm. From the comparison of steep fine-scale gradients of electron donors, electron acceptors and metabolites, sulfate and iron reduction could be identified as the dominant biodegradation processes with highest activities at the fringe of the contaminant plume. In individual zones of the contaminated aquifer these two redox processes were observed to take place simultaneously instead of following a defined order according to their thermodynamic efficiency. High cell numbers as well as increased activities of extracellular enzymes and bacterial carbon production at the plume fringe substantially support the concept of mixing-controlled biodegradation. These patterns are further underlined by a significant shift in stable isotope signatures of dissolved toluene (delta 13C) and sulfate (delta 34S, delta 18O) concomitant with decreasing concentrations, thus pointing at the relevance of transverse dispersion. At the same time, however, gradients at our sampling site frequently displayed zones where BTEX and sulfate overlapped, which hints at additional limitations, such as toxicity of pollutants or biokinetic constraints.
The redox processes identified from groundwater samples were additionally evaluated in comparison to freshly collected sediment samples. The results emphasize the role of sediments as “long term archives”, which – in contrast to “snapshots” gained from groundwater analysis – provide insight into the history of biogeochemical processes. In addition, conclusions on aquifer heterogeneity and on the complexity of the site were inferred from comparative analysis of groundwater and sediment data.
Unlike often assumed, groundwater systems do not represent static and inanimate environments, but rather are subject to pronounced spatial and temporal dynamics, as could be demonstrated by recording the variability of biogeochemical gradients and related redox processes over a period of almost two years. First insights into the adaptive capacities of microbial communities towards changing environmental conditions and their effects on the degradation potential of the bacteria could be obtained.
The data presented in this thesis provide a fundamental amelioration for the validation and advancement of reactive transport models, which are indispensable in practice for evaluating biodegradation processes and the applicability of natural attenuation concepts.