Abstract:
For individuals, who want to behave unprejudiced, the regulation of prejudice is a challenging process. Often, prejudiced behavior arises in spite of the intention to behave unprejudiced, because many of the processes leading to prejudiced behavior are automatic in nature and therefore hard to control. However, previous research has shown that especially internal motivation to behave unprejudiced reduces prejudice. The current dissertation applies a self-regulation perspective to prejudiced behavior to improve the understanding of internal motivation in the regulation of prejudice. Specifically three gaps in the existing research are addressed: So far, the knowledge that awareness of one’s discrepant responses as well as internal motivation is important for the effortful control of prejudice has not been tested in combination with each other. Therefore, Chapter 2 addresses the question of if and how internal motivation to behave unprejudiced moderates reactions to failure in behaving unprejudiced. It was demonstrated that with increasing internal motivation to behave unprejudiced individuals show more discomfort, more effort to behave unprejudiced, and less prejudice after failure in behaving unprejudiced (compared to a no failure condition). Taken together, the findings suggest that failure in behaving unprejudiced might play a key role for highly internally motivated individuals in learning to regulate prejudice successfully. Chapter 3 extends the research on the regulation of prejudice to the domain of benevolent discrimination. Because of the positive intention required to show benevolent discrimination, it was expected that internal motivation does not reduce, but rather increases benevolent discrimination as long as individuals are not aware of its negative consequences. However, once the negative consequences have been made salient, internal motivation facilitates self-criticism of one’s own benevolently discriminating behavior, which is reflected in a more critical reappraisal of benevolent discrimination. The findings underline the importance of being aware of the negative consequences of benevolent discrimination to make internal motivation work. In acknowledging the process of prejudice reduction as one with multiple steps, a so far disregarded possibility for internal motivation to circumvent prejudiced behavior, by means of rejecting activated stereotypes, is considered in Chapter 4. It was demonstrated that even if stereotypes become activated, individuals who have a high internal motivation or the goal to behave unprejudiced, will be able to control the activated stereotype and prevent its influence on their behavior. Finally, the findings are discussed in terms of their meaning for the reduction and prevention of prejudice.