Abstract:
Soils are main components of natural ecosystems, central for the growth of plants and the recycling of organic matter through the activity of microorganisms and soil fauna. As such, they exert a large influence on the cycling of carbon between different reservoirs, storing more carbon at the global scale than either the atmosphere or the live vegetation. The flux of carbon between different global reservoirs is being actively studied in the present largely as a result of its implications for climate change but also in an effort to understand the functioning of ecosystems and living organisms. The flux of carbon dioxide from soils to the atmosphere, also termed soil respiration, is the result of belowground plant activity combined with the decomposition of soil organic matter. To understand this flux it is necessary to study the factors driving the activity of roots as well as the dynamics of soil microorganisms and their use of soil organic matter or root-derived carbon. Tightly related to biological processes are physical and chemical conditions in soils which determine the availability of carbon compounds to microbes.
This study was carried out in agricultural, broad-leaf forest and needle-leaf forest temperate ecosystems with the objective of studying the effect of vegetation and soil factors on root, mycorrhizal and microbial related respiration fluxes. To attain this, soil respiration was partitioned in the field using meshes with micrometer large pores separating soil cores from the surroundings, allowing a selective ingrowth of fungal hyphae and thus the separation of mycorrhizal fungi from roots. Soil respiration measurements on soils with different pore-sized meshes and on control soils were used to calculate values of rhizosphere, mycorrhizal fungal and heterotrophic respiration fluxes. These fluxes were then related to canopy photosynthetic activity, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil microbial biomass and a number of other relevant soil parameters. Results showed the importance of mycorrhiza as a quick path of carbon from the canopy back to the atmosphere in croplands and temperate forests. The respiratory activity of mycorrhizal fungi was also shown to be strongly controlled by the availability of new carbon from the plant and little affected by changes in temperature. The respiration from roots, more sensitive to changes in temperature, was also shown to be directly affected by photosynthetic activity.
In particular, respiration fluxes at the crop field showed clear differences between sources in their response to both temperature and photosynthetic activity. The respiration of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae was seen to be a significant amount of root-derived carbon respiration (25.3%) and consequently of total assimilated carbon (4.8%), with a strong response to photosynthetic activity after a time delay of one day. Q10 values (the change in respiration rates with a 10˚C increase in temperature) depended on the source of respiration and on the season, and were influenced by plant growth. The importance and controls of mycorrhizal fungal respiration in croplands are shown to be comparable to those observed in other ecosystems.
At the broad-leaf and needle-leaf forests, calculated mycorrhizal mycelium respiration amounted to 3% and 8% of total soil respiration respectively, representing minimum estimates. The ratio of root-derived carbon respiration to heterotrophic respiration was nearly 1:1 at both forest types. Temperature and photosynthesis revealed effects specific to the respiration source and the forest type. Mycorrhizal respiration showed weak or insignificant temperature relations. Relations of photosynthesis with rhizosphere and mycorrhizal fungal respiration were found in all cases. Peaks in correlation values showed time lags between photosynthetic activity and a respiration response ranging from one day for the fungal component to four and five days for the rhizosphere component.
An analysis of the spatial variability of respiration fluxes at all sites showed a higher spatial variability of the root-derived flux compared to the heterotrophic component at the forest sites and the opposite relation at the crop field. Results also indicated important spatial relations of nitrogen availability and soil water content (direct and indirect) with rhizosphere respiration, as well as of substrate supply and microbial biomass with microbial respiration. In addition, results point towards possible priming effects on decomposition through the input of labile carbon by mycorrhizal fungi, and negative effects of ammonium on decomposition.