Abstract:
Activation of the human amygdala and the insular cortex has been reported in many neuroimaging studies that investigated emotions and its underlying brain network. The human amygdala is thought to play a pivotal role in the processing of emotionally sensory information and the insular cortex has been proposed as being involved in different functions including peripheral autonomic change and somatovisceral perception, which has been assumed to play an important role in emotion. There is anatomical evidence both for the amygdala and the insular cortex that they are not homogenous structures but are composed of multiple subregions. Very little is known, however, how these subregions behave functionally. (1) In this thesis functional MRI has been combined with cyto-architectonically defined probabilistic maps to analyze the response characteristics of the amygdala and its subregions (the laterobasal group = LB, the superficial group = SF, and the centromedial group = CM) in subjects during the processing of emotionally significant auditory stimuli. (2) Insular cortex subregions were investigated by conducting an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis mapping coordinates of activation foci obtained from different insula-neuroimaging studies. (3) In addition, based on a further coordinate-based meta-analysis of previous neuroimaging studies reporting amygdala-activation a co-activation likelihood estimation was carried out in order to delineate the brain areas consistently co-activated with the amygdala. (4) Finally, the impact of the degree to which the individual subjects experience the strength of their positive and negative emotions, a personally trait known as affect intensity, on brain activation patterns was studied using a correlation analysis. Based on previous studies it was expected that participants with high affect intensity scores activate more a network of brain areas that has been described to play a crucial role in emotion recognition, including the right somatosensory cortex, the supramarginal gyrus, and the right insular cortex. For interpretation of the results obtained, the usefulness of the functional map of the insular cortex that was established in this thesis was assessed. (1) In the fMRI experiment, differential, subregional amygdala response patterns could be demonstrated. Amygdala activity with positive auditory stimulation-related signal changes predominated in probabilistically defined LB, and negative responses predominated in SF and CM. In the left amygdala, mean response magnitude in the core area of LB with 90-100% assignment probability was significantly larger than in the core areas of SF and CM. These differences were observed for pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. (2) Subregional functional specialization in the anterior insular cortex was found based on the conducted ALE meta-analysis, showing different subregions consistently activated during motor tasks (located in the mid-insular cortex), language/auditory tasks (located in the rostral part of the anterior insula), and in respect to peripheral physiological changes (in the anteroventral insula), respectively. (3) The results of the amygdala meta-analysis revealed that probabilistically defined amygdala-activations co-activate with a restricted zone at the border of anterior insula and the frontal opercular cortex. (4) Correlation analysis with the affect intensity measure (AIM) revealed that subjects with high affect intensity demonstrated, as predicted, a stronger activity in the right somatosensory cortex, the supramarginal gyrus, and in the anteroventral insula region. The later brain region could be assigned, using the functional map of the insula established in part (3) of the thesis, to the part of the insula consistently showing peripheral autonomic change related activation, suggesting a stronger physiological response in the individuals scoring high in affect intensity as a possible cause for the AIM related differences in brain activation. The results of this thesis suggest that the combination of functional MRI and of meta-analyses of functional imaging studies with probabilistic anatomical maps may make an important contribution in improving functional localization and in investigating internal functional organization of emotion related brain areas.