Abstract:
With the rise of the internet as a mass medium and its accessibility in private homes, recent years have seen an increase in health-related internet use among cancer patients. Breast cancer patients, in particular, use the internet as a means of obtaining psychosocial support in coping with illness. Given such developments, internet-based interventions could aid in optimizing oncology's professional systems of psychosocial care.
The current study employed field-experimental exploratory methods to investigate the potential for implementing e-mail counseling in breast cancer patients, using measures of patient acceptance and psychosocial outcome. Within the counseling process, the study also inquired into the immediate effect of e-mail writing on patients’ emotional states.
Following web-based e-mail counseling, conducted under real conditions over a period of 9 months by a psychotherapist with oncological and media training, patients were assigned to a treatment and a control ('waiting list') group (quasi-experimental design). At patient registration and following conclusion of either counseling or a 2-month waiting period, psychosocial outcome variables (psychological distress [BSI], coping with illness [MAC], and health-related quality of life [QLQ-C30, QLQ-BR23]) were assessed in a 2x2 repeated measures design. In addition, positive and negative affectivity were self-assessed immediately before and after e-mail writing (PANAS).
The internet-based offering reached a female patient community with a high level of unmet therapeutic needs (N=84). Compared with reference samples, the online sample displayed high psychological distress (BSI), poor coping (MAC), and greatly reduced health-related quality of life (QLQ-C30). Despite such factors, 81% of the patients could not or did not want to receive conventional offline psychosocial support at time of registration.
Due to the lack of significant ANOVA and MANOVA interaction effects ('condition' x 'time'), no empirical evidence could be found for the psychosocial effectiveness of online counseling relative to the control group (N=46). In contrast to the expressive writing paradigm, in which subjects indicate a significant short-term increase in distress and negative mood following written composition of personally emotionally stressful content, writing brought the patients in asynchronous e-mail communication positive emotional reinforcement. After e-mail composition and before receiving an answer, patients reported an immediate significant increase in positive affectivity, while the reported intensity of negative affectivity remained unchanged (PANAS).
The findings indicate the helpfulness of online counseling for reaching a psychosocially under-served patient population while highlighting the service's limitations. Possible reasons for the lack of an intervention effect are discussed, along with ways to increase efficiency and effectiveness in future design and execution of psychosocial online interventions. Further research is needed to examine the psychosocial effects of online counseling for breast cancer patients.