Abstract:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in humans. The pathogenesis of idiopathic PD is not known, but is thought to be multifactorial, caused by environmental factors acting on genetically predisposed individuals as they age. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of protein-containing cytoplasmic inclusions termed Lewy bodies in many of the remaining cells.
For PD, an involvement of 14-3-3 proteins has been suggested due to its physical and functional homologies to alpha-synuclein, a protein that is mutated in some rare forms of autosomal dominant PD. 14-3-3 proteins are key regulators of cell division, signalling and apoptosis and act as adaptor molecules that stimulate protein-protein interaction. The highest tissue concentration of 14-3-3 proteins is found in the brain, comprising about 1% of its total soluble protein. 14-3-3 proteins colocalize with Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. They bind to tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. We screened for mutations in 14-3-3zeta. Here we report the first mutations in 14-3-3 proteins in humans. Investigating two novel 14-3-3 genes with highest homology to the 14-3-3zeta isoform on human chromosome 10 and X, we identified a c.95A<G (p.Gln32Arg) substitution (14-3-3zeta-likeX) in a sporadic patient and a single base pair deletion in 14-3-3zeta-like10 (c.98delG, p.Gly33fs) in a familial case of PD consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. We confirmed that these mutations are indeed of functional relevance. Cell stress experiments revealed lower proliferation rates in permanent cell lines overexpressing mutant 14-3-3zeta-like proteins compared with cells expressing wild type protein. Mutations in 14-3-3zeta-like protein leads to a disadvantage in overcoming cellular stress. Furthermore 14-3-3zeta-like10 mutant and wild type proteins showed different chaperone activities in a chemical-inducible aggregation assay. For 14-3-3 proteins a chaperone-like function has also been described which is interrupted by the 14-3-3zeta-like10 mutant protein, which underlines the relevance of the mutation. Assuming that 14-3-3zeta has protective function for the cell, it is not surprising that functional mutations leads to a disadvantage in overcoming cellular stress. Finally, wild type 14-3-3zeta-like10 but not the mutant form binds to activate tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. In summary, our results show for the first time that functional deleterious heterozygous mutations in 14-3-3 proteins in humans are compatible with life and may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD.