Abstract:
p63 is one of three members of the p53 family of transcription factors. Transcription of the p63 gene gives rise to two different N-terminal isoforms, one with (TA-p63) and one without (DeltaN-p63) a transactivation domain. Analysis of p63 protein expression in tissues and of mice deficient for all p63-isoforms revealed a function of p63 in epithelial, craniofacial, and limb development. The significance of p63 in epidermal development is further highlighted by the discovery of p63 germline mutations in severe human syndromes with limb defects and ectodermal dysplasia. Interestingly, the interpretation of p63 function in epidermal development is still controversial. On one hand, p63 is discussed as a commitment factor for the embryonic ectoderms to epidermal lineage, while on the other hand, it is suggested that p63 is a stem cell factor involved in maintenance of proliferative potential and regeneration of epidermal stem cells. Furthermore, there are different opinions about the relative significance of TA- and DeltaN-p63 in the commitment to epidermal lineages and in epidermal differentiation. Recently, studies in mice deficient for more than one p53 family member were conducted to reveal potential cross-regulation between them. Moreover, TA-p63 was found to be implicated in the protection of the female germline by inducing cell death in oocytes upon gamma-irradiation. The work presented here investigates the function of TA-p63 in the commitment of embryonic ectoderm to epidermal lineages and epithelial development to resolve the DeltaN-p63 in this process. Furthermore, mice deficient for TA-p63 mice are described.
A high fidelity of chromosome segregation is crucial to ensure correct transmission of genetic material to daughter cells. Errors in this process result in aberrant chromosome numbers and can cause severe developmental defects, miscarriages, and cancer. The spindle assembly checkpoint is a surveillance mechanism that monitors chromosome segregation, detects attachment defects, and delays anaphase onset until errors are corrected. Moreover, passive mechanisms such as kinetochore geometry, architecture, and back-to-back orientation of sister kinetochores further reduce the risk of mis-attachment. Upon satisfaction of the spindle assembly checkpoint, inactivation of Cdk1/cyclin B and cleavage of cohesin leads to chromosome separation and cell cycle progression into anaphase. Since the identification of the first molecular components of the spindle assembly checkpoint over 15 years ago, many proteins were found to be involved in checkpoint signaling. A highly complex protein interaction network is emerging that connects sister chromatid cohesion, kinetochore biology, and microtubule cytoskeleton with the spindle assembly checkpoint. The conserved family of shugoshin proteins are one of the latest additions to this network and present a link between sister chromatid cohesion, checkpoint signaling, and microtubule dynamics. While initial investigations in yeast and drosophilia have been conducted, little is known about shugoshin functions in mammalian cells. The work presented here provides a detailed characterization of one of the key players in checkpoint signaling, BubR1, including its post-translation modifications and its interactions during the cell cycle. Furthermore, the work provides insight into the regulation and evolution of BubR1’s localization and function. Finally, the interaction of BubR1 and Sgo2 is shown to link checkpoint signaling and kinetochore geometry.