Abstract:
Enzymes can be used often favorably in organic syntheses, because they can be applied at room or slightly elevated temperature and in aqueous phase. Therefore, enzymatic reactions are economically and environmentally superior to classical organic reactions. Moreover, many side reactions, especially racemization occurring in the chemical peptide synthesis can be avoided and it is not necessary to protect all the side chains of amino acids involved in the coupling. However, there is no general protocol available for the enzymatic reactions therefore each step has to be optimized taking into account substrate structure, concentration, reaction media, temperature and the type of protease.
The target octapeptide (CCK-8) is the minimum active sequence with the same biological activity as naturally occurring cholecystokinin and is a potential therapeutic agent in the control of gastrointestinal functions.
The objective of this thesis is to synthesize N-terminal protected and deprotected CCK-8. In former investigations the enzymatically cleavable Phac group was used. But in our group it was found that the cleavability depends on the peptide sequence and sometimes can not be cleaved at all. As an alternative Bz-Arg was used as the N-terminal protecting group. This is possible because of the high specificity of trypsin towards basic amino acids in the P1 position and because there is no basic amino acid in the target peptide sequence. This protecting group could be introduced and removed easily with trypsin in test peptides and also in the octapeptide. The enzymatic removal of Bz-Arg from protected CCK 8 is a significant improvement because in the literature of CCK-8 syntheses, either the protecting group (Phac) has not been cleaved at all or is removed chemically.
Different fragments of CCK-8 were synthesized, because it was not known in advance which fragment condensation will be successful. The fragments were synthesized using enzymatic methods exclusively. Whenever it was possible, immobilized enzymes were applied.
The N-terminal tripeptide fragment of CCK-8 (Bz-Arg-Asp(OEt)-Tyr-Met-OH/OAl) was achieved by the coupling of the individual amino acid derivative towards the C-terminal end of the growing peptide chain. The C-terminal pentapeptide fragment (Phac-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp(OMe)-Phe-NH2) was prepared by α-chymotrypsin mediated fragment condensation of Phac-Gly-Trp-Met-OAl and Asp(OMe)-Phe-NH2. In an earlier CCK-5 synthesis in our laboratory Phac-Gly-Trp-Met-OEt was first converted to the Cam ester by using three chemical steps and was then coupled with Asp(OMe)-Phe-NH2. Met-OAl could be used as a nucleophile in the extension of the dipetide and was effective enough as an acyl-donor for the 3+2 fragment coupling. With this strategy the earlier method has been improved by reducing the number of steps. The cleavage of Phac group from pepntapeptide was performed with PGA. The final fragment coupling was successful by -chymotrypsin mediated coupling of Bz-Arg-Asp(OEt)-Tyr-Met-OAl and Gly-Trp-Met-Asp(OMe)-Phe-NH2.
As assumed, the cleaving of Bz-Arg from Bz-Arg-Asp(OEt)-Tyr-Met-Gly-Trp-Met- Asp(OMe)-Phe-NH2 with trypsin at pH 8.5 was successful and the isolated product was pure when checked in HPLC and ESIMS.
In this thesis it could be demonstrated that the fully enzymatic peptide synthesis even of longer peptides is possible. It could also be demonstrated that the Bz-Arg group is superior to other used N-terminal protecting groups in CCK-8 syntheses, because it can be cleaved easily with trypsin.