Abstract:
In this thesis transport measurements of nanostructures defined in GaAs/AlGaAs-heterostructures are presented. In quasi-one-dimensional quantum point-contacts, the striking 0.7-anomaly is investigated in an attempt to shed more light on the origin of this elusive feature. For zero-dimensional quantum dots, several geometries are explored, one of which is defined by a versatile distance modulation technique.
The GaAs/AlGaAs-substrate contains a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) about 100 nm below the surface, which is confined to a Hall-bar structure fabricated by optical lithography. In the centre of the Hall-bar, gates defining the nanostructures are written by electron beam lithography, whose pattern can be transferred into the 2DEG by applying negative voltages. Two techniques are used: conventional split-gate technology, and the modulation of the distance between gate and surface by a high-resolution resist pattern. The samples are characterized in a 3He-4He-dilution fridge at temperatures of the order T = 100 mK. A temperature characterization of the measurement set-up and the samples is performed, using both two RuO2 semiconductor thermometers as well as several quantization effects with known temperature dependence. One prerequisite for sample preparation consists of a suitable set of parameters for preparing low-resistance ohmic contacts between metallic pads on the sample surface and the 2DEG. As there is no pre-existing process that reliably leads to good contacts, all relevant processing parameters are varied. The resulting contact resistances are measured at room temperature and at 4.2 K. Following a systematic investigation by Graumann et al. (Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart), a set of parameters is found that leads to excellent results when both the depth of the 2DEG and the crystal orientation of the substrate are taken into account.
"Conductance anomalies" in transport measurements on quantum point-contacts, whose most renowned representative is the "0.7-structure", present an as yet unsolved mystery. They show up between the conductance quantization plateaux that occur at multiples of g = 2e^2/h. In this thesis, distinct conductance anomalies are observed in both linear and nonlinear transport measurements. They are investigated with respect to their temperature behaviour, behaviour in a magnetic field and other characteristics. In the nonlinear data, several extra plateaux are visible in the first three conductance steps, where especially the plateaux around source-drain-voltage Vsd = 0 are uncommonly well developed. The analysis focusses on assessing the data in view of a model that attempts to explain the anomalies in the context of Kondo physics, as suggested by Cronenwett et al. (Stanford University). Close to Vsd = 0, in some cases an increased conductance is observed, which may be interpreted as a zero bias anomaly in analogy to the Kondo-signature in quantum dots. The zero bias peak is almost completely suppressed on the 0.7-plateau. It is not yet finally settled whether or not the zero bias anomaly and the 0.7-anomaly are of the same physical origin. A quantitative analysis according to the Kondo-model in many respects describes the data well, but a number of open questions remain.
In an alternative technique, several nanostructures are fabricated by modulating the distance of continuous metallic gates from the sample surface by resist structures, using a resorcinarene derivative that has hitherto not been tested for such applications. In an earlier PhD thesis, it was shown by F. Panteleit that the aromatic compound C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene has excellent properties as high-resolution negative resist for electron beam lithography. This thesis demonstrates that it can be applied for fabricating stable high-quality nanostructures as well. The resolution, exposure dose and alignment of the resist structures are investigated. In transport measurements on quantum dots defined by distance modulation, charge quantization is observed in the form of Coulomb-blockade oscillations. A characteristic transition from single quantum dots to series coupled double dots is evident. The reason for this is to be found in the distance modulated centre gate which, starting from a critical voltage, gives rise to a varying tunnelling barrier in the dot centre due to vertical depletion. Consequently, by making use of the continuous gates and the combination of lateral and vertical depletion of this technique, small complex geometries including parallel structures, vertical contacting or extended tunable tunnelling barriers can be devised. Few leads are required, which enables structures to be fabricated, that are not realizable with conventional split-gate technology.