Abstract:
This research study aims at contributing to a more explicit understanding of the construct of phobic fear. For the first time ten phobic response measurements are included in a single study design to focus on interindividual differences in reactivity. Furthermore, correlations between the psychophysiological response measurements are analyzed. Therefore, two experiments including 46 women with spider phobia and 44 non-phobic women are reported.
There is considerable evidence in previous research especially concerning heart rate and cortisol reactivity for the existence of significant differences in interindividual reactivity. However, this has never been studied systematically. For this reason the first part of the study focuses on the assessment of reactions during phobic confrontation with visual stimulation material und analyzes the results with and without the provision for reactivity. In addition to six psychophysiological response measurements (heart rate, EDA, startle reflex, corrugator EMG, cortisol, sIgA) self-reported emotions (valence, arousal, dominance) and avoidance behavior are investigated. To make allowance for methodological criticism in previous research concerning response measurements, conservative selection criteria, as well as a control group and a highly controlled laboratory setting are implemented.
Without consideration of differences in reactivity previous research results that were able to show a significant higher psychophysiological reaction for phobic women during phobic than during neutral stimulation are approved. Solely for cortisol this effect is not verifiable. Secretory immunoglobuline A (sIgA) was included as response measurement for its known reactivity to short-term stress inductions. However, the present study is not able to confirm sIgA as measurement responsive to phobic stimulation. For the subjective measurements previous results are approved whereby phobic women have more unpleasant feelings and experience more arousal and less dominance during phobic stimulation. For the avoidance behavior a prolonged voluntarily viewing time for visual spider stimuli in comparison to previous results is found instead of the expected shortened viewing time, when phobic instead of neutral stimuli are shown. This result can be explained by self-contained confrontation. Summarizing the results, reactivity is shown to be an important source of information in all observed response measurements. Firstly, phobic women show significant reactivity differences in all response measurements during phobic stimulation. Secondly, except for the startle reflex reaction interactions of reactivity with the stimulation are shown for all measurements. Furthermore, for heartrate and cortisol reaction there is even evidence for qualitative reactivity differences. Finally, against the expectations even for subjective measurements significant reactivity differences are obvious. In closing it seems to be essential for future research to consider reactivity differences and to clarify causes for these varieties. Results of previous research concerning phobic response measurements should be reconsidered for their non-regard to reactivity differences.
Lang´s (1968) three-system model of fear has elicited significant discussions concerning the correlations of the postulated phobic reaction systems. Nevertheless, just a view studies focus on the correlations between the multitude of response measurements of the physiological system. Combining ideas of Zinbarg´s (1998) hierarchical model of anxiety and panic and current neurophysiological knowledge a hierarchical relation model of psychophysiological response measurement of phobic fear based on their subcortical connections was developed. Within this model the amygdala is postulated as highest integrating structure for all psychophysiological response measures. It is expected, that the response measurements that show faster reaction and are less influenced by various brain structures (e. g. startle reflex; corrugator reaction) show higher correlations than slower measurements, that depend more on the influence of other brain structures besides the amygdala (e. g. cortisol). A Cluster analysis as well as the correlations of the postulated reaction levels present a first substantial support for this model. However, inference statistical analyses of differences between pairs of correlations are difficult to explain due to a small sample size. Future research is needed to test the postulated hierarchical correlation model with a more comprehensive sample size. In closing, the inclusion of other response measurements into the hierarchical structure of the model is encouraged.