Abstract:
The Mata Atlântica once covered more than 1 Million km² along the Brazilian coast. Today, the Mata Atlântica occupies the 4th position within the ranking of the worldwide most biodiverse and threatened hot spots (IBAMA 2002). In the southern extension of the Mata Atlântica, montane rainforests are dominating, and among them the Araucaria forests and the neighbouring evergreen slope forests, present at the Pró-Mata area. This direct neighbourhood of the Araucaria forests, comprising the conifer Araucaria angustifolia, and the tropical deciduous forests, represents an unique ecological situation for the whole tropics. The central role of the tropical rain forests as atmospheric CO2 sink and the endangered biodiversity gave rise to the initiation of first conservation and reforestation projects. Among those, the projects BMBF-DLR 01LT0011/7 and IB/DLR-FAPERGS 99/2006.3 planned by the University of Tübingen with other German and Brazilian institutions, for a natural reforestation and sustainable agroforestal-economic use of the South Brazilian Araucaria forests.
In this doctoral thesis, the litter dyamics in the Araucaria forests of the Pró-Mata reserve were studied, as part of these main projects. Further on, the litter dynamics were studied simultanously in the neighbouring deciduous forests and at one transition site of both forest types. Actually, this approach represents the first comparative study about these forest ecosystems. Including the description of litter production, stock, residence time and decomposition, all main processes of the litter dynamics were considered. Additionally, some influencing factors, such as climate, soil properties and C/N-ratio were studied and correlated with each step in the litter dynamic process.
Litter production did not differ significantly between the here studied forests and followed a seasonal pattern, with highest production during summer. The average litter deposition of circa 780 g/m²/year, was laying within the range of values found for other tropical and subtropical rain forests found in the literature. Also, a reciprocal relationship of the litter production and the availability of some macro-nutrients, and the percentage of exchangeable aluminium in the soil, was detected.
The average quantity of litter stocked at the forest floor was about 820 g/m² and corresponded also to the amounts found for tropical and subtropical stands. However, at the sites with presence of Araucaria angustifolia more litter was stocked at the forest floor as at the sites without Araucaria trees. Regarding the influencing factors, a conspicuous relation between the amount of litter stocked at the forest floor and the availability of phospor was detected.
The residence time for the litter at the forest floor was a little longer than one year. This means, that, despite the nutrient poor and acid soils, the forests of the Pró-Mata area are in a steady state, and within a short time period the nutrients become available again for the metabolism of the present vegetation.
The litter decomposition was also determined by the highly acid soil. Thus, the pH-sensible meso- and macrofauna did not play a central role in the decomposition process.
The assignment of the study sites to the forest ecosystems, mainly based on the presence of Araucaria angustifolia trees, was not confirmed by the comparison of the different steps in the litter dynamic process. However, the comparison among defined groups of arboreal communities indicated a retardation of the decomposition process due to the presence of Araucaria material. This might be due to the high contents of terpenes in the Araucaria litter.
According to the decisive role of the litter dynamics for the nutrient availability and soil fertility, the results of this thesis represent an important basis for future reforestation projects and a sustainable forest management in the region of the southern Mata Atlântica. In addition, important knowledge was obtained by the comparative study of the two forest ecosystems. The nearly identic values in all steps of the litter dynamic process for the whole study area indicated the existence of an ecotone. As consequence of the higher precipitation, especially at the plateau border, the invasion of typical elements of the deciduous forests is favoured. Other studies already reported on the pioneer character of Araucaria angustifolia, which seem not to be competive in the shade of the understory vegetation. Therefore, strongly exploited Araucaria stands are not able to regenerate everywhere.