Abstract:
An integrated fluid inclusion and stable isotope study has been carried out on hydrothermal veins from the Schwarzwald district. More than 400 individual samples from 110 Variscan and post-Variscan deposits covering a large area of 120 by 40 km were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, stable isotope analysis of minerals and fluid inclusions.
The most straightforward method for the determination of paleofluid signatures is the direct extraction of fluid inclusion water from hydrothermal minerals. The deltaD values for water extracted from fluorites at 400°C range widely between -60 and +82 ‰, whereas at 650°C the values range from -78 to +40 ‰. The systematic differences between deltaD values obtained from the same samples at both extraction temperatures indicate that most likely two isotopically distinct reservoirs contribute to the extracted water. The FTIR spectra of fluid inclusions show that two dominant peaks at absorbance values of about 3400 cm-1 and 5200 cm-1 are present, which conform to structurally bound and molecular water, respectively. In contrast, the FTIR spectra of fluid inclusion free areas in the host fluorites show only a peak at 3400 cm-1. Based on the isotopic and spectroscopic data, we believe that water released at extraction temperatures greater than 500-600°C is dominantly originating from interstitial OH- defect sites in the fluorite structure. This structurally bound water appears to be isotopically depleted compared to the original fluid inclusion water, resulting in a significant shift of the deltaD values
Most Variscan fluids are of the H2O-NaCl-(KCl) type, have low salinities (0-10 wt.% eqv. NaCl) and comparatively high homogenization temperatures (150-350 °C). In some of these samples, an additional gas-rich CO2-CH4-H2O fluid inclusion type is present. Oxygen isotope data for quartz from the Variscan veins range from +2.8 to +12.2 ‰, indicating delta18OH2O values of the hydrothermal fluids of -12.5 to +4.4 ‰. The deltaD values of water extracted from fluid inclusions in Variscan quartz samples vary between -49 and +4 ‰. The geological framework as well as fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics of the Variscan veins suggest an origin of the mineralizing fluids from regional metamorphic devolatilization processes.
The salinities of fluid inclusions in post-Variscan primary fluorite, calcite, barite and quartz are in the range of 22-25 wt.% eqv. NaCl, and the eutectic temperatures range between -57 and -45°C, indicating the presence of H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluids. Homogenization temperatures vary from 110 to 180°C. A low-salinity fluid (0 to 15 wt.% eqv. NaCl) was observed in some late-stage fluorite, calcite and quartz samples, which were trapped at similar temperatures. Raman microprobe analyses show that detectable concentrations of volatiles such as CH4 or CO2 are present in the Variscan fluid, whereas only CO2 was detected in post-Variscan fluids. Almost all delta18O measurements of quartz from the fluorite-bearing post-Variscan veins range between +11.1 and +19.5 ‰, indicating delta18OH2O values between -11.0 and +4.4 ‰ (Matsuhisa et al. 1979). This is perfectly consistent with delta18OH2O values of fluid inclusion water directly extracted from fluorites (-11.6 to +1.1 ‰). The deltaD values of fluid inclusion water in post-Variscan calcites are in a narrow range between -26 and -15 ‰, while fluid inclusion water from quartz and fluorite samples varies between -63 and +9 ‰ and between -29 and -1 ‰, respectively. Calculations for fluorite-barite-quartz veins combining oxygen isotope equilibria with microthermometric data result in quartz precipitation temperatures of 130-180°C at pressures between 0.3 to 0.5 kbar. The delta18OH2O and deltaD data, particularly the observed wide range in hydrogen isotopic compositions, indicate that the hydrothermal mineralizations formed through large-scale mixing of a basement-derived saline NaCl-CaCl2 brine with meteoric water.
Primary hydrothermal calcites from the deposits show a positive correlation of their delta13C (V-PDB) and delta18O (V-SMOW) values, which range from -12 to -3 ‰ and from +12 to +18.5 ‰, respectively. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of paragenetically young, remobilized calcite types are shifted towards higher values and range from -12 to -1 ‰ and from +20 to +25 ‰, respectively. We developed an improved calculation procedure for modeling the covariation of carbon and oxygen isotopes in calcite resulting from mixing of two fluids with different isotopic compositions and total carbon concentrations. In our model, the carbon speciations in the two model fluid end-members and the fluid mixtures are calculated using a speciation and reaction path code. The carbon and oxygen isotope covariation of primary Schwarzwald calcites can effectively be modeled by a mixing trend of a deep saline brine and a low salinity water of meteoric origin. Sulfur isotope data of barites from 22 hydrothermal fluorite-barite-quartz veins vary from +9 to +18 ‰ (CDT), sulfide ore minerals show delta34S values between -14.4 and +2.9. Calculated sulfide-sulfate equilibrium temperatures are in the range between 300 and 350°C. These temperatures differ significantly from the formation temperatures of 150 to 200°C of most of the deposits as estimated from fluid inclusions, and are interpreted as preserved paleotemperatures of the deep aquifer. A combination of the sulfur isotopic results with microthermometric data of fluid inclusion and constraints on the temperature of the meteoric water was used to calculate mixing ratios of the two fluid end-members. The results indicate that mass fractions of the deep saline brine in the mixed fluid were between 0.5 and 0.75.
Our comprehensive study of a large number of deposits provides evidence for two fundamentally different fluid systems in the crystalline basement.