Abstract:
This work deals with the use of HPLC-triple-quadrupole-mass-spectrometry- and HPLC-ion-trap-mass-spectrometry for pharmacokinetic studies and metabolite identification of the oral anticoagulant Phenprocoumon (Marcumar) and the opiate-analgesic Piritramide (Dipidolor).
An LC-triple-quadrupole-MS method with preceding conventional solid-phase sample extraction for the stereoselective quantification of phenprocoumon in human plasma was developed and a method validation was performed. The method comprises a linear range from 62.5-1000 ng/ml (per enantiomer) with a recovery of >89 %, precision of 3.24-7.01 % (coefficient of variation) and accuracy of -9.04 - +3.02 %. In contrast to Warfarin, the phenprocoumon plasma concentration-time-curves of CYP2C9 genotyped adult volunteers revealed no significant influence of the CYP2C9 genotype on the stereospecific pharmacokinetics of phenprocoumon.
Two additional novel phenprocoumon-metabolites could be detected and partially structurally identified by HPLC-ion-trap-MS analysis: 2'-OH-Phenprocoumon and an aliphatically hydroxylated metabolite. Stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of the five phenprocoumon-metabolites by means of a two-dimensional HPCL-MS coupling technique showed that all metabolites are produced stereoselectively, mostly with a marked excess of the (R)-enantiomer. For the two novel metabolites - in contrast to the known metabolites - dependence on the CYP2C9 genotype was not found.
For the quantification of Piritramide in human plasma and urin, respectively, an off-line-SPE-LC-MS/MS and an on-line-SPE-LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. The method is linear in the range of 0.5-100 ng/ml with an LOD of ca. 0.05 ng/ml. As far as accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery (>90 %), influence of matrix effects and sample stability are concerned, it complies with current standards for bioanalytical assays.
The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax, AUC(0-180min) and t1/2 were measured in 25 pediatric patients with an age of 6.4-43.6 months. The Cmax values of Piritramide were 35.4 +/-8.9 ng/ml (mean +/-standard deviation), tmax 7.0 +/-4.2 min, AUC(0-180min) 2600.3 +/-617.8 min*ng/ml and t1/2 188.6 +/-62.4 min.
The compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis revealed the best fit for the two-compartment-model for a single iv-bolus of 0.1 mg/kg body weight Piritramide. Apart from the dose-related AUC(0-180min) there were no significant differences between the two age groups (6.4-12.2 and 17.1-43.6 months).
The pharmacokinetic data of the pediatric study population was compared with data of a previous study with adult patients. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the interval 0-6 hours after iv-bolus administration essentially resulted in differences for the central volume of distribution (children: 2.1 l/kg, adults: 1.4 l/kg) and for the plasma half-life of the second (presumably not yet terminal) elimination phase (children: ca. 3 h, adults: ca. 4.5 h).
Altogether eight Piritramide metabolites could be detected in rat liver microsomes, six of which were also present in human urin and microsome samples. These compounds were identified as three isomeric dihydroxy-, four monohydroxy-Piritramide-metabolites and one dehydro-metabolite. By means of ESI-ion-trap-MS the hydroxylated region within the molecules could be narrowed down, but not yet fully structurally elucidated. According to the present data the metabolites feature two aromatic hydroxylations, an N-oxidation or aliphatic hydroxylation in alpha-position to the nitrogen atom within the terminal piperidine-ring and dehydrogenation in the same ring.