Abstract:
Suitable extraction methods for the seeds of Glinus lotoides have been developed and the major saponins and flavonoids have been isolated. In this, four new hopane-type saponins, glinusides F, G, H and K, and the known succulentoside B as well as the two known flavones, 5,7,4'f-trihydroxyflavone-6,8-di-C-glucoside (vicenin-2) and 5,7,4'f-trihydroxy-flavone-8-C-sophoroside (vitexin-2''-O-glucoside), have been isolated from the seeds of the plant. Based on the spectral analyses including 2D NMR and HRESI mass spectroscopy, the new structures have been characterized as 3alpha-O-alpha-Dxylopyranosyl-6beta-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-16alpha-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-22-hydroxy-hopane (glinuside F), 3alpha-O-beta-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-6beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-22-O-beta-L-rhamnopyranosyl-hopane (glinuside G), 3alpha-O-beta-l(TM)hamnopyranosyl-( 1->2)-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-6beta-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-16alpha-hydroxy-22-O-beta-L-rhamnopyranosyl-hopane (glinuside H) and 3alpha-O-beta-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-6beta-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-16alpha-O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl-22-hopane (glinuside I).
The total flavonoids and saponins of the seeds of G. lotoides in the crude extracts and tablet formulations thereof have been quantified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods with UV detection. The saponins were analyzed after acid hydrolysis in 3M HCl at 100 °C for 1 hour. Vicenin-2 and mollugogenol B have been isolated and used as reference substances for the quantification of total flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The identities of vicenin-2 and mollugogenol B have been confirmed using UV, MS and NMR spectral analyses and comparison with respective published data. The purity of the isolated mollugogenol B has been determined by TLC, HPLC and UV spectrophotometry as 98%, calculated from HPLC peak area. The molar absorptivity of the methanol solution of mollugogenol B at a concentration of 0.948 mg/100ml was found to be 3.98, 4.16 and 4.12 at ƒÉmax of 260sh, 251 and 243 nm, respectively, which is in good agreement with literature values, indicating the purity of mollugogenol B. Similarly, the purity of vicenin-2 has been determined as 97% using HPLC, which is confirmed by TLC and UV methods.
Satisfactory separation of the components of the flavonoids and saponins compounds has been obtained in less than 30 and 25 min, for the flavonoids and saponins, respectively. The HPLC methods were validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). Repeatability (inter- and intra-day, n = 6 and 9, respectively) showed less than 2% relative standard deviation (RSD). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.075 and 0.225 mg/mL, respectively, for vicenin-2 and 0.027 and 0.082 mg/100mL, respectively, for mollugogenol B. The total amounts of saponins of the crude extract and tablet formulation have been determined as glinuside G equivalent (mol. Wt. 900) which approximates the average molecular weight of the saponins of G. lotoides.
The content of flavonoids and saponins of six single tablets has been found to be between 95 and 103% for flavonoids and 94 to 98% for saponins. The validated HPLC methods could be employed to standardize a laboratory produced purified extract, which could be used as a secondary standard for the routine quality control. Accordingly, the secondary standard (extract F) has been found to contain 10% vicenin-2 and 21.3% total flavonoids calculated as vicenin-2 equivalent. The amount of saponins in the secondary standard was 6.3% mollugogenol B and 12.4% total aglycons calculated as mollugogenol B, 14.2% glinuside G and 25.4% total saponins calculated as glinuside G equivalent.
Admixing of the crude liquid extract of the seeds of G. lotoides with Aeroperl(TM) 300 Pharma, as an inert carrier material, and subsequent drying the mixture has provided a non-adherent and free-flowing powder. The required amount of Aeroperl(TM) 300 Pharma has been optimized as 30%, based on the physicochemical properties such as particle size distribution, surface morphology, moisture content and sorption kinetics of the dry extract preparations containing 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% w/w Aeroperl(TM) 300 Pharma. A tablet formulation containing granules of the dry extract preparation (947 mg), Avicel(TM) PH101 (363 mg) and Ac-Di-sol (90 mg) provided the best tablet properties such as disintegration time of 2.4 min at a tablet hardness of 73 N. Granulation by roller compaction of the dry extract preparation has improved the disintegration time of the tablets. Oblong tablets which could administer the traditional dose as a single tablet have been developed and enteric coated.
Enteric coated tablets of G. lotoides with pharmacopoeial requirements could be prepared using methacrylic acid/ ethylacrylate co-polymer (Eudragit(TM) L 100/55 or Kollicoat(TM) MAE 100P). Propylene glycol and acetyl tributyl citrate could be used as plasticizers at concentrations of about 11% in the dry film.